Vol 89, No 3 (2012)

Aim. Study of features of interactions of mucosal epitheliocytes of vagina with dominant and associative vaginal microsymbionts in bacterial vaginosis. Materials and methods. Changes in growth characteristics and ability to form biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus spp. under the influence of secretory products of vaginal epitheliocytes obtained from 36 women with bacterial vaginosis and 32 practically healthy women were studied. Results. Vaginal epitheliocytes of women with bacterial vaginosis were shown to change their functional activity during contact with microorganisms and their secretory products, causing differential influence on the properties of symbiont bacteria. A suppression of growth of dominant microsymbionts - lactobacilli, mostly their peroxide producing biovars, and a weakening of suppressing effect on the growth of biomass of associative microorganisms accompanied by stimulation of their ability to form biofilms was noted. Preliminary contact of an epitheliocyte with bacterial cell or its supernatant increased the intensity of the changes of properties of bacteria under the influence of secretory products of epitheliocytes. Conclusion. Suppression of growth of lactobacilli (mostly their peroxide producing biovars) and stimulation of the ability to form biofilms of the associative microorganisms as a result of bacterial-epithelial interactions in bacterial vaginosis determine mechanisms of formation and stability of pathomicrobiocenosis and a reduction of colonization resistance of vaginal biotope.

Aim. Characterize persistence properties and antibiotic sensitivity of Corynebacterium non diphtheriae circulating in Rostov-on-Don and Rostov Region. Materials and methods. DNase, anti-immunoglobulin activity, hemagglutinating activity, antagonistic properties and antibiotic sensitivity of Corynebacterium non diphtheriae strains isolated from patients with inflammatory diseases of urogenital tract, pregnant women and individuals undertaking prophylactic examination were studied. Results. Lack of antagonistic interactions of C. non diphtheriae with members of opportunistic microorganisms, high anti-immunoglobulin activity against IgM and IgA, lack of hemagglutinating activity were established. Cefazolin and benzylpenicillin had the highest antibacterial activity against C. non diphtheriae, azithromycin and lincomycin - the lowest. Conclusion. Population level of C. non diphtheriae during urogenital tract disease diagnostics is necessary. Determination of their sensitivity to a wide specter of antibacterial preparations is reasonable for optimal selection of therapeutic agents.

Aim. Development of the standard algorithm of molecular typing of Yersinia pestis that ensures establishing of subspecies, biovar and focus membership of the studied isolate. Determination of the characteristic strain genotypes of plague infectious agent of main and nonmain subspecies from various natural foci of plague of the Russian Federation and the near abroad. Materials and methods. Genotyping of 192 natural Y. pestis strains of main and nonmain subspecies was performed by using PCR methods, multilocus sequencing and multilocus analysis of variable tandem repeat number. Results. A standard algorithm of molecular typing of plague infectious agent including several stages of Yersinia pestis differentiation by membership: in main and nonmain subspecies, various biovars of the main subspecies, specific subspecies; natural foci and geographic territories was developed. The algorithm is based on 3 typing methods - PCR, multilocus sequence typing and multilocus analysis of variable tandem repeat number using standard DNA targets - life support genes (terС, ilvN, inv, glpD, napA, rhaS and araC) and 7 loci of variable tandem repeats (ms01, ms04, ms06, ms07, ms46, ms62, ms70). The effectiveness of the developed algorithm is shown on the large number of natural Y. pestis strains. Characteristic sequence types of Y. pestis strains of various subspecies and biovars as well as MLVA7 genotypes of strains from natural foci of plague of the Russian Federation and the near abroad were established. Conclusion. The application of the developed algorithm will increase the effectiveness of epidemiologic monitoring of plague infectious agent, and analysis of epidemics and outbreaks of plague with establishing the source of origin of the strain and routes of introduction of the infection.

Aim. Perform calculation of the economical effectiveness of realization of a program of vaccination of children aged 2 years against chickenpox (CP) in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. Data of Federal service on customers rights protection and human well-being surveillance on evaluation of morbidity and losses caused by CP in the Russian Federation in 2008 - 2010 were used. A cohort of children (1 760 000) aged 2 years subject to vaccination against CP in 2011, evaluation of cost of 1 case of the infection, the amount of losses per vaccination of 1 child were approximately determined; analysis of prevented losses by implementation of vaccination program by using mathematical modeling methods was performed. Results. Without vaccination program in the Russian Federation the cost of losses per 1 case of CP related to hospitalization and outpatient visits as well as temporary disability of one of the parent in various age groups was: for children aged 1 - 2 years - 8 333 RUB (Russian rubles), 3 - 6 years - 21 171 RUB, 7 - 14 years - 21 295 RUB. The cost of vaccination against CP of 1 child including 2 doses of vaccines with physician examination and vaccination procedure would be 1600 RUB. In the case of realization of vaccination program against CP in 2011 of children aged 2 years its cost would be 2 488.9 million RUB. Cost prevention already exceeds the cost of vaccination in 1 age cohort of children at year 2 and in 5 years the amount of prevented losses would exceed 15 billion RUB per 1 vaccinated cohort and would continue to increase steadily. Conclusion. The performed calculations show that vaccination against CP in the Russian Federation is a highly efficient investment. Self-sufficiency of a program implemented in 2011 may be obtained already at the start of year 2 after the realization and by 2016 the net economical benefit would be around 8 milliards RUB.

Aim. Study of features of interaction of bacteria in microsymbiocenoses of upper respiratory tract in dynamics in individuals with various state of health: healthy individuals, individuals after tonsillitis and bacteria carriers. Materials and methods. Modification of pathogenicity factors (hemolytic, lecitovitellase, lysozyme and anti-lysozyme activity) in intermicrobial interactions of 226 strains of microorganisms isolated during quintuple analysis of upper respiratory tract biocenoses of examined individuals was studied. A hierarchical structure of each microbiocenosis was built based on the data obtained, and its temporal dynamics evaluated. Results. Microbial composition of mucous membrane of tonsils was more constant independent of state of health when compared with the nasal cavity. Normoflora that does not influence expression of pathogenicity factors and symbiont persistence was predominate and persisted for a long period in healthy individuals and bacteria carriers, whereas in individuals after tonsillitis opportunistic strains with a high communicative activity (leaders) that increase symbiont pathogenicity persisted for a long time. Conclusion. The revealed differences in biocenoses dynamics of 2 biotopes of upper respiratory tract in healthy individuals, bacteria carriers and individuals after tonsillitis may be used to forecast stable health and development of dysbiotic disorders.

Aim. Comparative study of the microbiota of neonates in relation to vaginal and intestinal microflora state of conditionally healthy primipara pregnant women. Materials and methods. Bacteriological study of vaginal and intestinal microflora of 24 conditionally healthy primipara pregnant women at week 32 and 38 of pregnancy as well as bacteriological study of meconium and feces at day 5 of their neonates was performed. Results. Despite detection of lactobacilli by delivery in all the pregnant women their quantity was significantly lower than normal. In colon microflora dysbiotic changes corresponding to grade 1 (46.7%) and 2 (53.3%) dysbacteriosis were detected. In 60.0% of cases of conditionally healthy neonates various microorganism species were isolated from meconium. At day 5 in feces of neonates at natural feeding lactobacilli (85.8%), bifidobacteria and escherichia (71.4% each), enterococci (100%) were detected. Conclusion. The course of dysbiotic changes in vagina and intestines of conditionally healthy pregnant women had subclinical level. Detection of microorganisms in meconium in conditionally healthy neonates could be explained by translocation mechanism.

Aim. Study mechanism of the development of intestine dysbiosis on the experimental model of mice from the position of reinforcement of translocation of opportunistic Gram negative enterobacteria (OGNE) from the intestine lumen into the system blood flow and the possibility of its correction by lactoglobulin preparations. Materials and methods. Experimental medicinal dysbacteriosis of the intestine was reproduced in mice by using gentamycin. Changes of immunologic parameters in the animals during translocation of Gram negative enterobacteria and their LPS from the intestine lumen into system blood flow were studied. Results. During intestine dysbioses a pronounced inflammatory reaction was shown to develop at a local level with the increase of the amount of proinflammatory cytokines with the sequence IL-1ƒ - IFNƒ - IL-6 and reinforcement of formation of anti-endotoxin antibodies. Changes in the parameters of allergization of macroorganism under the influence of LPS occurred synchronously with the increase of amount of (OGNE) including escherichia with altered lactase activity in the background of its translocation into extrinsic biotopes. In decompensated variant of dysbiosis a pronounced activation of immune reactive spleen cells was noted. Immunobiologic preparations (lactoglobulin and low molecular peptides of immune colostrum) administered to the animals in parallel with the antibiotic caused deintoxication and desensitizing effect and reduced the side effect of its action. Conclusion. A scheme of development of dysbiotic disorders in the intestine from the position of reinforcement of translocation of (OGNE) from the intestine lumen into the system blood flow is proposed and mechanisms of positive effect of lactoglobulin preparations and low molecular peptides of immune colostrum that are perspective for the correction of this state are explained.

Contemporary data on the interaction of commensal microflora and Toll-like pattern recognition receptors are presented. These receptors recognize normal intestine microflora in physiological conditions, and this interaction is necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis and damage reparation of the intestine, for the induction of heat shock cytoprotective proteins. As a side effect in disruption of immunologic tolerance and misbalance of protective immunological mechanisms, multiorgan pathologic changes of organs and tissues may develop, including chronic inflammation processes of various localization.

Multi-year literature data as well as materials of the Reference centre of monitoring of natural foci infections of Irkutsk Research Institute of Plague Control of Siberia and the Far East regarding epidemiology, epizootology and laboratory diagnostics of leptospiroses in Siberia and the Far East are analyzed and summarized in the review. Situation on leptospiroses in the region has changed significantly. In 50 - 70s of the 20th century diseases were registered ubiquitously in the form of outbreaks, group and single cases. Currently a low level of sporadic morbidity is noted in separate subjects of the Russian Federation. The contemporary state of the problem remains insufficiently clear, this demands the expansion of studies, creation of modern databases, as well as introduction into the practice of highly sensitive methods of express diagnostics in a complex with bacteriologic and serologic methods.

Problem of poliomyelitis eradication is examined in the review. After the eradication of wild poliovirus, vaccine poliomyelitis virus continues to circulate in the human population. In rare cases it can cause the development of the disease. The authors describe disadvantages of the use of oral and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccines and note that by using oral poliomyelitis vaccine and eradication only of wild poliovirus, eradication of poliomyelitis as an infection will not succeed. As one of the approaches to reach this goal the authors propose the use of various enterovirus interference. Use of live enterovirus vaccine is described and its advantages and disadvantages are examined.