Vol 93, No 4 (2016)

Aim. The comparative estimation of miliacine influence on the biofilm formation of bacteria. Materials and methods. The objects of investigation were the clinical isolates of Salmonella enteritidis (28), Salmonella typhimurium (24), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8) and reference strains of lactobacilli (5) and bifidobacteria (3). Miliacin was obtained from crystals of millet oil. Antibacterial activity of miliacin was detected by the method of serial dilutions. For investigation of biofilms miliacin in 100 and 50 mkg/ml concentrations was used. Miliacin was diluted in Twin-21. Biofilm formation was studied by method of O'Toole G.A., Kolter R. (1998) using spectrophotometer Elx 808 (BioTek, USA). The morphometry of biofilms was conducted by atomic force microscopy with the use of scanning probe microscope SMM-2000. Results. Miliacin and its solvent did not influence the growth of bacteria. Maximum sensivity of biofilms to miliacin was detected in K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa, minimal - in S. enteritidis. Miliacin did not influence the biofilm formation in strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Conclusion. Miliacin in addition to immunotropic activity, detected earlier, can inhibit the biofilms of opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria without influence on the biofilm formation of representatives of usual flora.

Aim. Study of mechanism of reception of plague bacteriophage Pokrovsky to cells of Yersinia pestis using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Materials and methods. Using a method of competitive inhibition, the ability of monoclonal antibodies against antigenic epitopes of outer membrane of Yersinia genus bacteria to inhibit adhesion of the studied bacteriophage to cells of Y. pestis EV strain, was evaluated. Results. A key role of structure of carbohydrate nature in reception of Pokrovsky bacteriophage was confirmed. Among 5 lines of monoclonal antibodies against protein epitopes 2 were established to cause significant inactivation of bacteriophage adhesion to bacterial cells. Conclusion. An assumption is proposed regarding participation of a structure of polypeptide nature in reception of Pokrovsky bacteriophage by cells of plague microbe.

Aim. Complex evaluation of epidemiologic situation for tuberculosis on the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD) and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Materials and methods. Data (morbidity, prevalence, mortality, genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis), characterizing, epidemiologic situation for tuberculosis from 2002 - 2014 were used. Results. The highest parameters of tuberculosis morbidity from all the regions of Russian Federation were registered in FEFD, and from all the territories of the region the highest levels were registered in Primorsky Region and Jewish Autonomous Region (166.3±6.2 %ooo and 166.1±4,8 °/oooo, respectively), and lowest - in Magadan Region and Yakutia (76.0±2.1 °/oooo and 78.6±1,9 70000, respectively). In the regions, located in the arctic zone of the Republic of Yakutia, epidemiologic situation is characterized as non-welfare. Moreover, the highest parameters of moibidity for tuberculosis were registered among low-number peoples of the north. Conclusion. Integral evaluation of the main epidemiologic parameters allows to conduct a more in-depth comparative evaluation of the epidemiologic situation. Taking into account such an approach, in the FEFD the most non-welfare situation was established to be registered in Primorsky Region, and in Yakutia the most welfare occurs. Monitoring of the circulation of genotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis allows to assume a possibility of displacement of genotype S by more aggressive (transmissive) subtypes of Beijing genotype.

Aim. Characteristics of contemporary strains of N. gonorrhoeae using NG-MAST genotyping (.Neisseria gonorrhoeae multi-antigen sequence typing), isolation of dominating variants and analysis of their territorial distribution. Materials and methods. 440 strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated in 2012 - 2015 in 19 subjects of the Russian Federation were used in the study. Genotyping was carried out based on sequencing of variable regions of porB and tbpB genes. Identification of alleles and sequence-types was carried out according to http://www.ng-mast.net. Results. 172 NG-MAST genotypes were identified, 100 of which -were described for the first time. 807,1152, 1544,5714 and 5941 were predominating sequence-types, typical for several subjects of the Russian Federation and some neighboring countries, as well as sequence-types 8583 and 9476 described for the first time, that were exclusively distributed in the regions of their emergence. Sequence-types 225, 1407 and 2992, that are epidemically significant in distant countries, were represented by single isolates in this study. Conclusion. A peculiar and significant genetic diversity of N. gonorrhoeae strains, circulating in the Russian Federation, with characteristic bond of several NG-MAST genotypes to one or several regions, was shown.

Aim. Determination of intensity of immunity against measles in patients on waiting-list for lung transplantation. Materials and methods. IgG levels against measles virus were studied in blood sera of 80 adult patients (mean age 35.8± 11.4 years) on waiting-list of lung transplantation, without history of this disease. Determination of IgG levels against measles virus was carried out by ELISA using a standard kit from «Vektor-Best» (VectoMeasles-IgG). Results. Protective level of IgG against measles virus (above 0.18 I U/ml) was registered in 83.3% of examined patients. Mean level of anti-measles antibodies was within protective values - 1.53 IU/ml (95% confidence interval 1.17 - 1.89). Medium level of anti-measles antibodies (1 - 5 IU/ml) was registered in most of the analyzed samples (55.2%). A positive correlation between values of antibodies and age of patients (r=0.43) was detected. Dependence between levels of antibodies and previously executed hormonal and cytostatic therapy was not detected. Conclusion. Patients on waiting-list of solid organ transplantation are a group of risk for development of severe course of measles infection, that dictates the necessity of execution of vaccination at short terms before or after registration on the waiting-list.

Comorbidity epidemiological aspects discussed in the article. At the present time most common on the population level are research of the impact of infectious diseases on the macroorganism at the population level, or investigations of dynamics of noninfectious diseases under influence of several risk factors. The problem of coexistence (comorbidity) of infectious diseases with other nosologic forms usually are not considered. Some examples of simultaneous effect (comorbidity) of infectious and somatic diseases on the macroorganism under the influence of anthropogenic pollution are shown in the article. Environmental pollution is usually not taking into consideration third force which affects the development of comorbidity. Proposed new approach allowed differently interpret previously obtained materials and introduce additional variable risk factors in the chain of causal relationships between infectious disease and environmental pollution

Creation of serotype-independent vaccines includes 4 directions - construction of protein vaccines based on recombinant pneumococcus proteins, whole-cell killed or attenuated vaccines, DNA-vaccines and use of Streptococcus pneumoniae as a carrier for polysaccharide and conjugated vaccine preparations. Protein vaccines are the most widely studied. Around 20 proteins are described for pneumococcus - intracellular, associated with cell wall and secreted. The majority of researchers stop at construction of a vaccine preparation including a set of several proteins, protecting from colonization, invasion, pneumonia. Mechanism of action for protein vaccines differs from that of polysaccharide vaccines. Protein preparations create protection from several pneumococcus serotypes. Study of cross-activity of protein-candidates for vaccine preparations with human organism tissues is actual for preclinical studies. Selection of adjuvants is necessary for these vaccines, because aluminium hydroxide is not a suitable adjuvant for these preparations.

Novel data on neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), carrying out capture and killing of pathogenic microorganisms with higher effectiveness than during phagocytosis, are presented. A contemporary view on how neutrophils choose intracellular (phagocytosis) or extracellular (NETosis) mechanism of bactericidity during interaction with pathogenic microorganisms is given. Experimental data on the presence in causative agents of plague, cholera and melioidosis of mechanisms of protection from bactericidal effect of NET, as well as NET’S role in regulation of immune response and sepsis development are analyzed.

Vaccination is a key element in prophylaxis of infectious diseases. Effective vaccines based on polysaccharide capsules were developed for a number of microorganisms. Effectiveness of polysaccharides as antigens, however, is low in the main risk groups - infants and patients with immunedeficiency conditions. Use of polysaccharide antigens conjugated with protein carriers as vaccines became a principal step forward. Though use of carriers became a breakthrough for vaccine effectiveness increase, mechanisms of interaction of proteins and carbohydrate components of the vaccines in T-cell immune response induction and immunological memory remains studied incompletely. Lack of theoretical base complicates execution of directed engineering of conjugated vaccines with the goal of expansion of their nomenclature and effectiveness increase. Despite significant volume of new information in the field of interaction of various antigens, and significant expansion of spectrum of potential carriers, including of non-protein nature, the number of pathogens, for which conjugated vaccines are introduced into clinical practice, remains insignificant. Information regarding problems and perspectives of use of carriers for conjugated polysaccharide vaccines is summarized in the review.