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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">950</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-6-7</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The study of neuraminidase immunity in protection against secondary bacterial pneumonia induced by <italic>S. aureus</italic> after influenza infection in mice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение роли иммунитета к нейраминидазе вируса гриппа в защите от вторичной бактериальной пневмонии, индуцированной <italic>S. aureus</italic> после гриппозной инфекции у мышей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-2714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leneva</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ленева</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina А. Leneva — D. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of experimental virology</p><p>105064, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ленева Ирина Анатольевна — д.б.н., зав. лаб. экспериментальной вирусологии</p><p>105064, Москва</p></bio><email>wnyfd385@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-9620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Falynskova</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фалынскова</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina N. Falynskova — researcher, Laboratory of experimental virology</p><p>105064, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фалынскова Ирина Николаевна — н.с. лаб. экспериментальной вирусологии</p><p>105064, Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2096-5080</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kartashova</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карташова</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nadezhda P. Kartashova — researcher, Laboratory of experimental virology</p><p>105064, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карташова Надежда Павловна — н.с. лаб. экспериментальной вирусологии</p><p>105064, Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5925-9733</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glubokova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глубокова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina А. Glubokova — junior researcher, Laboratory of experimental virology</p><p>105064, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Глубокова Екатерина Андреевна — м.н.с. лаб. экспериментальной вирусологии</p><p>105064, Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8962-4765</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poddubikov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поддубиков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr V. Poddubikov — PhD (Med.), Head, Laboratory of microbiology of opportunistic bacteria</p><p>105064, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Поддубиков Александр Владимирович — к.м.н., зав. лаб. микробиологии условно-патогенных бактерий</p><p>105064, Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oksana A. Svitich — D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Corresponding Member of RAS, Head, Laboratory of molecular immunology, Director</p><p>105064, Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Свитич Оксана Анатольевна — д.м.н., проф., член-корр. РАН, зав. лаб. молекулярной иммунологии, директор</p><p>105064, Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-01-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>97</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>564</fpage><lpage>577</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-01-20"><day>20</day><month>01</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Leneva I.A., Falynskova I.N., Kartashova N.P., Glubokova E.A., Poddubikov A.V., Svitich O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Ленева И.А., Фалынскова И.Н., Карташова Н.П., Глубокова Е.А., Поддубиков А.В., Свитич О.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Leneva I.A., Falynskova I.N., Kartashova N.P., Glubokova E.A., Poddubikov A.V., Svitich O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ленева И.А., Фалынскова И.Н., Карташова Н.П., Глубокова Е.А., Поддубиков А.В., Свитич О.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/950">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/950</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. Pneumonia often occurs secondary to influenza infection and accounts for a large proportion of the morbidity and mortality associated with seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks. We previously have shown that vaccination with Virus-like particles (VLPs) containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus reduces mortality caused by bacterial infections after an influenza infections in mice.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of this work is to study whether this protective effect may be potentiated by supplementing the HA preparation with the influenza neuraminidase (NA).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. We studied the effect of Gag-VLPs with the influenza HA or NA from А/PR/8/34 alone or in combination, in a lethal BALB/c mouse model of <italic>S. aureus</italic> infection after vaccine-matched or mismatched influenza virus challenge.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>. A cocktail of HA-Gag and NA-Gag-VLPs fully protected from weight loss, mortality and viral replication and significantly reduced the bacterial burden in the lungs of А/PR/8/34 infected animals. Immunization with this cocktail HA-Gag-VLPs 100 ng + NA-Gag-VLPs 20 ng also protected 60% of animals from mortality associated with secondary bacterial <italic>S. aureus</italic> infection following a heterologous H1N1 influenza virus challenge, and led to the significant protection from weight loss and pulmonary pathogen replication even in the absence of HA-inhibition and NA-inhibition antibodies.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Our results indicate that influenza vaccination may improve the outcome of a secondary bacterial pneumonia induced by <italic>S. aureus</italic> after influenza even when the virus is antigenically different from the vaccine strain. At the same time, in our model, the significance of the immunity to influenza virus HA was prevalent.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Пневмония является наиболее частым осложнением после гриппозной инфекции, с которым ассоциированы тяжелые случаи заболеваний и смертельные исходы во время сезонных и пандемических вспышек гриппа. Ранее мы показали, что вакцинирование мышей вирусоподобными частицами (ВПЧ), несущими гемагглютинин (НА) вируса гриппа, снижает смертность, вызванную бактериальными инфекциями после перенесенной гриппозной инфекции у мышей.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> данной работы — изучение возможности усиления защитного эффекта ВПЧ при дополнении их нейраминидазой (NA) вируса гриппа.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Изучали влияние Gag-ВПЧ, несущих HA или NA вируса гриппа A/Пуэрто-Рико/8/34, отдельно или в комбинации на модели вторичной бактериальной инфекции, индуцированной <italic>S. aureus</italic> после гриппозной инфекции гомологичным или гетерологичным вакцине вирусами гриппа.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Коктейль HA-Gag-ВПЧ 100 нг + NA-Gag-ВПЧ 20 нг полностью предотвращал смертность, потерю веса и репликацию вируса, а также значительно снижал размножение бактерий в легких животных, зараженных гомологичным вирусом гриппа. Иммунизация этим же коктейлем защищала 60% животных от смертности, снижала потерю их веса и ингибировала размножение патогенов в легких животных с вторичной бактериальной инфекцией <italic>S. aureus</italic> после гриппозной инфекции гетерологичным вирусом гриппа H1N1, несмотря на отсутствие антител, ингибирующих НА и NA этого вируса.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Наши результаты показывают, что парентеральная вакцинация ВПЧ, содержащими НА и NA, может улучшить исход вторичной бактериальной пневмонии, индуцированной <italic>S. aureus</italic> после гриппа, даже если вирус антигенно отличается от вакцинного штамма. При этом в нашей модели иммунитет к НА вируса гриппа имел превалирующее значение.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></kwd><kwd>VLP</kwd><kwd>secondary bacterial pneumonia after influenza infection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа</kwd><kwd><italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic></kwd><kwd>вирусоподобные частицы</kwd><kwd>вторичные бактериальные пневмонии после гриппозной инфекции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 18-45-05002 «Virus-like particles for the fight against post-influenza bacterial infections, 2018–2020»).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 18-45-05002 «Вирусоподобные частицы для борьбы с постгриппозными бактериальными инфекциями, 2018–2020 гг.»).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Joseph C., Togawa Y., Shindo N. 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