Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyJournal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology0372-93112686-7613Central Research Institute for Epidemiology47510.36233/0372-9311-2019-5-61-72Mechanism of intracellular bacterial parasitismBoichenkoM. N.fake@neicon.ruKravtsovaE. O.fake@neicon.ruZverevV. V.fake@neicon.ruSechenov First Moscow State Medical University2111201996561721911201919112019Copyright © 2019, Boichenko M.N., Kravtsova E.O., Zverev V.V.2019Algorithm of intracellular bacterial parasitism does not depend on if bacterium is obligate or facultative intracellular parasite. Depending on replicative niche’s localization intracellular bacterial parasites are divided onto cellular and vacuolated. Rickettsia spp., Shigella spp., Chlamydia spp. and Listeria monocytogenes use cell’s machinery of actin polymerization during process of their intracellular parasitism. These bacteria possess some of effector’s proteins which contain domains identical to effector proteins from the host cell. Shigella spp. T3SS and autotransporter protein IscA provide this process together with spreading bacteria intra colonic epithelium. In contrast other intracellular bacterial parasites, Listeria monocytogenes switches from dissemination in cytosol to persist in vacuole. In case of Brucella spp. the leading role in the creation of a replicative niche and in the modulation of the innate immune response is played by effector proteins of fourth type secretory system (T4SS).RickettsiaChlamydiaShigellaListeria monocytogenesBrucellaactin —based movementreplicative nicheT3SST4SSintracellular parasitismRickettsiaChlamydiaShigellaListeria monocytogenesBrucellaактиновая подвижностьрепликативная нишаТ3ССТ4ССвнутриклеточный паразитизм[1. Бойченко М.Н., Кравцова Е.О., Волчкова Е.В. и др. Некоторые молекулярные механизмы паразитирования бактерий внутри цитоплазмы клетки хозяина. Инфекционные болезни. 2018, 16(2): 92-97.][2. Бойченко М.Н., Кравцова Е.О., Волчкова Е.В., Белая О.Ф. Некоторые вопросы молекулярного патогенеза внутриклеточного паразитизма бактерий. Инфекционные болезни. 2017, 15(4):71-75.][3. Bastidas R.J., Elwell C., Engel J., Valdivia R.H. Chlamydial intracellular survival strategies.Cold Spring Harb.Perspec. Med. 2013, 3: a010256.][4. Bernardini M.L., Mounier J., dHauteville H. et al. Identification of icsA, a plasmid locus of Shigella flexneri that governs bacterial intra- and intercellular spread through interaction with F-actin.Proc.Natl. Acad.Sci.USA. 1989, 86:3867-3871.][5. Bierene H., Milohanic E., Kortebi M. To be citosolic or vacuolar.The duble life of Listeria monocytogenes. Front Cell Infection Microbiol. 2018, 9:136. doi: 10.3389|fcimb 2018.00136.][6. Сampbell-Valois F.X., Sachse M.,Sansonetti P.J., Parsot C. Escape of actively secreting Shigella flexneri from ATG8/LC3- positive vacuoles formed during cell-to-cell spread is facilitated by IcsB and VirA. MBio. 2015, 6: e02567-e2514.10.1128/mBio.02567-14.][7. Campellone K.G., Welch M.D. A molecular arms race: cellular control of action assembly. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2010, 11: 237-251. doi:10.1038/nrm2867.][8. Castaneda-Roldan E.I., Avelino-Flores F., DallAgnolM. et al. Adherence of Brucella to human epithelial cells and macrophages is mediated by sialic acid residues. Cell Microbiol. 2004, 6:435-445.][9. Celli J., de Chastellier C., Franchini D.-M. et al. Brucella evades macrophages killing via VirBdependent sustained interactions with the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Exp. Med. 2003, 198: 545-556.][10. Dai V., Li Z. Conserved type III secretion system exerts important roles in Chlamydia trachomatis. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2014, 7(9): 5404-5414.][11. De Barsy M., Jamet A., Filopon D. et al. Identification of a Brucella spp. secreted effector specifically interacting with human small GTPase Rab2. Cell Microbiol. 2011, 13:1044-1058.][12. Delevoye C., Nilges M., Dehoux P. et al. SNARE protein mimicry by an intracellular bacterium. PLoSPatog. 2008, 4: e1000022.10.1371/journal.ppat.1000022.][13. Derivery E., Gautreau A. Generation of brunched action networks: assembly and regulation of the NWASP and WAVE molecular machines. BioEssays 2010, 32:119-131. doi:10.1002/bies.200900123.][14. Dohmer P.H., Valguanera E., Czibener C., Ugalde J.E. Identification of a type IV secretion substrate of Brucella abortus that participates in the early stages of intracellular survival. Cell Microbiol. 2014, 16:396-410. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2006.00079.][15. Dumoux M., Clare D.K., Sabibil H.R., Hayward R.D. Chlamydiae assemble a pathogen synapse to hijack the host endoplasmic reticulum. Traffic.2012, 13: 1612-1627.][16. Egile C., Loisel T.P., Laurent V. et al. Activation of the CDC42 effector N-WASP by Shigella flexneriIcsA protein promotes actin nucleation by Arp2/3 complex and bacterial actin-based motility. J.Cell.Biol. 1999, 146:1319-1332.][17. Elwell C., Mirrashidi K., Engel J. Chlamydia cell biology and pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2016 Jun; 14(6): 385-400. doi:10.1038/micro.2016.30.][18. Figueiredo P., Ficht Th. et al. Pathogenesis and Immunobiology of Brucellosis. Am. J. Pathol. 2015, 185(6);1505-1517.][19. Goldberg M.B., Barzu O., Parsot C., Sansonetti P.J. Unipolar localization and ATPase activity of IcsA, a Shigella flexneri protein involved in intracellular movement. J.Bacteriol. 1993, 175:2189-2196.][20. Gouin E., Egile C., Dehoux P. et al. The RickA protein of Rickettsia conorii activates the Arp2/3 complex. Nature. 2004, 427: 29. doi:10.1038/nature02318.][21. Haglund C.M., Choe J.E., Skau C.T. et al. Rickettsia Sca2 is a bacterial formin-like mediator of actinbased motility. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:10578-1063. doi: 10.1038/ncb2109.][22. Herve Agaisse. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Shigella flexneri Dissemination. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2016, 6:29.][23. Huang Z., Chen M., Li K. et al. Cryo-electron tomography of Chlamydia trachomatis gives a clue to the mechanism of outer membrane changes. J. Electron. Microsc. (Tokyo). 2010, 59: 237-241.][24. Ireton K. Molecular mechanisms of cell-cell spread of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Open Biol. 2013 Jul; 3(7) 130079. doi: 10.1098/rsob.130079.][25. Jiwani S., Ohr R.J., Fischer E.R. et al. Chlamydia trachomatis Tarp cooperates with the Arp2/3 complex to increase the rate of actin polymerization. Biochem.Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 420: 816-821.][26. Kleba B., Clark T.R., Lutter E.I. et al. Disruption of the Rickettsia rickettsii Sca2 autotransporter inhibits actin-based motility. Infect. Immun. 2010, 78:2240-2247. doi:10.1128/IAI.00100-10.][27. Kohler S., Foulongne V., Ouahrani-Bettache S. et al. The analysis of the intramacrophagicvirulome of Brucellasuis deciphers the environment encountered by the pathogen inside the macrophage host cell. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2002, 99:15711-15716.][28. Kortebi M., Milohanec E., Mitchell G. et al. Listeria monocytogenes switches from dissemination to persistence by adopting a vacuolar lifestyle in epithelial cell Plos.Pathog. 2017, nov 30; 13(11)e 1006734. doi: 10.1371/journalppat1006734.][29. Lamason R.L., Welch M.D. Actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread of bacterial pathogens.Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2017 Feb; 35: 48-57. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.007.][30. Lambrechts A., Gevaert K., Cossart P. et al. Listeria commet tails: the actin-based motility machinery at work. Trends Cell Biol, 2008,18: 220-227.][31. Mattock E., Biocker A.J. How do the virulence factors of Shigella work together to cause disease? Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol. 2017,7:64.][32. Nans A., Ford C., Hayward R.D. Host-pathogen reorganization during host cell entry by Chlamydia trachomatis. Microbes Infect. 2015. Nov-Dec 17 (11-12): 727-731. doi:10.1016/Jmicr.2015.08.004.][33. Nickel W., Weber T., McNew J.A. et al. Content mixing and membrane integrity during membrane fusion driven by pairing of isolated v-SNAREs and t-SNAREs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999, 96:12571-12576.10.1073/pnas.96.22.12571.][34. Ogawa M.T., Yoshimori T., Suzuki T. еt al. Escape of intracellular Shigella from autophagy. Science. 2005, Feb4, 307(5710):727-731. doi:10.1126/science/1106036.][35. Rana R.R., Zhang M., Spear A.M. et al. Bacterial TIR-containing proteins and host innate immune system evasion. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2013, 202:1-10.][36. Reed S.C.O., Lamason R.I., Risca V.I. et al. Rickettsia actin-based motility occurs in distinct phases mediated by different actin nucleators. Curr. Biol. 2014, 24: 98-103.][37. Roehrich-Doenitz A.D. Regulation of Type III Secretion Hierachy in Shigella flexneri.Ph.D.thesis. University of Bristol, 2013.][38. Roehrich-Doenitz A.D., Guillossou E., Blocker A.J., Martinez-Argudo I. Shigella IpaD has a dual role: signal transduction from type III secretion system needle tip and intracellular secretion regulation. Mol. Microbiol. 2013, 87:690-706.10.1111/mmi.12124.][39. Rolan H.G. Tsolis R.M. Inactivation of the Tipe IV system reduces the Th1 polyrasation of immune responses to Brucellaabortus infection. Infect. Immunol. 2008, Jul, 76(7):3207-3213. doi:10.1128/IAI.00203-08.][40. Rossetti C.A., Drake K.L., Adams L.G. Transcriptome analysis of HeLa cells response to Brucella melitensis infection:a molecular approach to understand the role of the mucosal epithelium in the onset of the Brucella pathogenesis. Microbes Infect. 2012, 14:756-767.][41. Salcedo S.P., Marchesini M.I., Degos C. et al. Recent molecular insights into rickettsial pathogenesis and immunity.Future Microbiol. 2013, Oct. 8(10):1265-1288. doi:10.2217/fmb.13.102.][42. Saka H.A. et al. Quantitative proteomics reveals metabolic and pathogenic properties of Chlamydia trachomatis developmental forms. Mol. Microbiol. 2011, 82: 1185-1203.][43. Lepidi H. et al. BtpB, a novel Brucella TIR-containing effector protein with immune modulatory functions. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2013, 3:28.][44. Schroeder G.N., Hilbi H. Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.:controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by Type III Secretion. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2008, Jan; 21(1):134-156.][45. Snyder G.A., Deredge D., Waldhuber A. et al. Crystal structures of the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains from the Brucella protein TcpB and host adaptor TIRAP reveal mechanisms of molecular mimicry. J. Biol. Chem. 2014, 289:669-679.][46. Wang J., Zhang Y., Yu P., Zhong G. Immunodominant regions of Chlamydia trachomatis Type III secretion effector proteins, Tarp. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2010, 17: 1371-1376.][47. Weber M., Faris R. Subversion of the endocytic and secretory pathways by bacterial effector proteins. Front. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2018, 6:1. doi. 10.3389/fcell.2018.00001.][48. West N.P., Sansonetti P., Mounier J. et al. Optimization of virulence functions through glucosylation of Shigella LPS. Science. 2005, 307,1313-1318.10.1126/science.1108472.]