<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">441</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-2019-4-115-126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular-genetic mechanisms of conservation of the pathogenic potential of the causative agents environments of natural-focus sapronosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярно-генетические механизмы сохранения патогенного потенциала возбудителей природно-очаговых сапронозов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andryukov</surname><given-names>B. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андрюков</surname><given-names>Б. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Андрюков Борис Георгиевич, д.м.н.</p><p>690087, Владивосток, ул. Сельская, 1, р.т. (423)244-26-04</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Somova</surname><given-names>L. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сомова</surname><given-names>Л. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bynina</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бынина</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyapun</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ляпун</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladivostok</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владивосток</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Somov State Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-09-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>96</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>115</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-09-02"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-09-02"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Andryukov B.G., Somova L.M., Bynina M.P., Lyapun I.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Андрюков Б.Г., Сомова Л.М., Бынина М.П., Ляпун И.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Andryukov B.G., Somova L.M., Bynina M.P., Lyapun I.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Андрюков Б.Г., Сомова Л.М., Бынина М.П., Ляпун И.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/441">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/441</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>For interepidemic periods of natural focal sapronoses, various ways of maintaining the viability of pathogens in terrestrial parasitic systems are associated with various adaptation strategies necessary for the conservation of the population. Unlike spore-forming bacteria, sapronose pathogens use stable cellular forms — a viable but uncultivated state and persistence. The implementation of these strategies is due to the influence of various stress factors of the habitat and is characterized by a decrease in metabolism, a change in the morphology and physiology of the bacterial cell, and the cessation of its replication. It is important that stable forms of cells retain virulence and, when favorable conditions come, they are again transformed into active vegetative forms. The discovery in recent years of genetic modules of bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems has made it possible to uncover complex regulatory molecular mechanisms for preserving the pathogenic potential of stable forms of pathogens of natural focal sapronoses in interepidemic periods.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Для межэпидемических периодов природно-очаговых сапронозов характерны различные способы сохранения жизнеспособности возбудителей в наземных паразитарных системах, связанные с различными адаптационными стратегиями, необходимыми для сохранения популяции. В отличие от спорообразующих бактерий, возбудители сапронозов используют устойчивые клеточные формы — жизнеспособное, но некультивируемое состояние (VBNC) и персистенцию. Реализация этих стратегий обусловлена влиянием различных стрессорных факторов среды обитания и характеризуется снижением метаболизма, изменением морфологии и физиологии бактериальной клетки, прекращением ее репликации. Важно, что устойчивые формы клеток сохраняют вирулентность и при наступлении благоприятных условий вновь трансформируются в активные вегетативные формы. Открытие в последние годы генетических модулей бактериальных токсин-антитоксиновых систем позволило раскрыть сложные регуляторные молекулярные механизмы сохранения патогенного потенциала устойчивых форм возбудителей природно-очаговых сапронозов в межэпидемические периоды.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sapronoses</kwd><kwd>resistant cell forms of bacteria</kwd><kwd>toxin-antitoxin genetic modules</kwd><kwd>viable but nonculturable (VBNC) cells</kwd><kwd>persistence</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сапронозы</kwd><kwd>устойчивые клеточные формы бактерий</kwd><kwd>токсин-антитоксин генетические модули</kwd><kwd>жизнеспособные</kwd><kwd>но некультивируемые (VBNC) клетки</kwd><kwd>персистенция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Комплексной программы фундаментальных исследований ДВО РАН «Дальний Восток», проект № 18-5-099.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Белов А.Б., Кузин А.А. Сапронозные инфекции, связанные с оказанием медицинской помощи: проблемные вопросы теории. Пермский медицин. журнал. 2017, 34(4): 94-102.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Белов А.Б., Куликалова Е.С. Сапронозы: экология возбудителей, эпидемиология, терминология и систематика. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2016, 86(1): 5-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Брусина Е.Б. Эпидемиология инфекций, связанных с оказанием медицинской помощи, вызванных возбудителями группы сапронозов. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2015, 81(2): 50-56.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Бухарин О.В. Инфекционная симбиология. Журн. микробиол. 2015, 4: 4-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Литвин В.Ю., Сомов Г.П., Пушкарева В.И. Сапронозы как природно-очаговые болезни. Эпидемиология и вакцинопрофилактика. 2010, 50(1): 10-16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Сомов Г.П., Бузолева Л.С. Адаптация патогенных бактерий к абиотическим факторам окружающей среды. Владивосток: ОАО «Полиграфкомбинат», 2004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Allison K.R., Brynildsen M.P., Collins J.J. Metabolite-enabled eradication of bacterial persisters by aminoglycosides. Nature. 2011, 473: 216-220.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Amato S.M., Brynildsen M.P. Persister Heterogeneity Arising from a Single Metabolic Stress. Curr. Biol. 2015, 25(16): 2090-2098.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Ayrapetyan M., Williams T.C., Baxter R. et al. Viable but Nonculturable and Persister Cells Coexist Stochastically and Are Induced by Human Serum. Infect. Immun. 2015, 83(11): 4194-4203.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Ayrapetyan M., Williams T.C., Oliver J.D. Interspecific quorum sensing mediates the resuscitation of viable but nonculturable vibrios. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2014, 80(8): 2478-2483.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Bamford R.A., Smith A., Metz J. et al. Investigating the physiology of viable but non-culturable bacteria by microfluidics and time-lapse microscopy. BMC Biol. 2017, 15(1): 121.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Barth V.C., Rodrigues B.Б, Bonatto G.D. et al. Heterogeneous persister cells formation in Acinetobacter baumannii. PLoS One. 2013, 8(12): e84361.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Chen S., Thompson K.M., Francis M.S. Environmental Regulation of Yersinia Pathophysiology. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2016, 6: 25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Chowdhury N., Wood T.L., Martinez-Vázquez M. et al. DNA-crosslinker cisplatin eradicates bacterial persister cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016, 113(9): 1984-1992.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Dörr T., Vulié M., Lewis K. Ciprofloxacin causes persister formation by inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli. PLoS Biol. 2010, 8(2): e1000317.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Fisher R.A., Gollan B., Helaine S. Persistent bacterial infections and persister cells. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2017, 15(8): 453-464.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Ghafourian S., Raftari M., Sadeghifard N. et al. Toxin-antitoxin systems: classification, biological function and application in biotechnology. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2014, 16(1): 9-14.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Hubálek Z., Rudolf I. Microbial Zoonoses and Sapronoses. USA: Springer Science &amp; Business Media B.V. 2011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Jaén-Luchoro D., Aliaga-Lozano F., Gomila R.M. et al. First insights into a type II toxin-antitoxin system from the clinical isolate Mycobacterium sp. MHSD3, similar to epsilon/zeta systems. PLoS One. 2017, 12(12): e0189459.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Kim J.-S., Chowdhury N., Yamasaki R. et al. Viable but non-culturable and persistence describe the same bacterial stress state. Environmental Microbiology. 2018, 20(6): 2038-2048.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Kint C.I., Verstraeten N., Fauvart M. et al. New-found fundamentals of bacterial persistence. Trends Microbiol. 2012, 20(12): 577-585.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Korch S.B., Hill T.M. Ectopic overexpression of wild-type and mutant hipA genes in Escherichia coli: effects on macromolecular synthesis and persister formation. J. Bacteriol. 2006, 188(11): 3826-3836.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Kwan B.W., Chowdhury N., Wood T.K. Combatting bacterial infections by killing persister cells with mitomycin C. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 17(11): 4406-4414.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Levin B.R., Concepciуn-Acevedo J., Udekwu K.I. Persistence: a copacetic and parsimonious hypothesis for the existence of non-inherited resistance to antibiotics. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2014, 21: 18-21.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Lewis K. Platforms for antibiotic discovery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2013, 12(5): 371-387.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Lewis K., Shan Y. Persister Awakening, Mol. Cell. 2016, 63(1): 3-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Li L., Mendis N., Trigui H. et al. The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens. Front. Microbiol. 2014, 5: 258.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Lleo M.M, Ghidini V., Tafi M.C. et al. Detecting the presence of bacterial DNA by PCR can be useful in diagnosing culture-negative cases of infection, especially in patients with suspected infection and antibiotic therapy. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2014, 354(2): 153-160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Maisonneuve E., Castro-Camargo M., Gerdes K. (p)ppGpp Controls Bacterial Persistence by Stochastic Induction of Toxin-Antitoxin Activity. Cell. 2013, 154(50): 1140-1150.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Maisonneuve E., Gerdes K. Molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial persisters. Cell. 2014, 157(3): 539-548.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Maleki A., Ghafourian S., Pakzad I. et al. mazE Antitoxin of Toxin Antitoxin System and fbpA as Reliable Targets to Eradication of Neisseria meningitidis. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2017, 24(11): 1204-1210.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Michiels J.E., Van den Bergh B., Verstraeten N. et al. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of bacterial persistence. Drug Resist. Updat. 2016, 29: 76-89.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Nowakowska J., Oliver J.D. Resistance to environmental stresses by Vibrio vulnificus in the viable but nonculturable state. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 2013, 84: 213-222.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Orman M.A., Brynildsen M.P. Erratum: Inhibition of stationary phase respiration impairs persister formation in E. coli. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7: 10756.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Page R., Peti W. Toxin-antitoxin systems in bacterial growth arrest and persistence. Nat. Chem. Biol. 2016, 12(4): 208-214.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Patra P., Klumpp S. Population Dynamics of Bacterial Persistence. PLoS One. 2013, 8(5): e62814.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Pienaar J.A., Singh A., Barnard T.G. The viable but non-culturable state in pathogenic Escherichia coli: A general review. Afr. J. Lab. Med. 2016, 5(1): 368.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Potgieter M., Bester J., Kell D.B. et al. The dormant blood microbiome in chronic, inflammatory diseases. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2015, 39(4): 567-591.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Ruhe Z.C., Low D.A., Hayes C.S. Bacterial contact-dependent growth inhibition. Trends Microbiol. 2013, 21(5): 230-237.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Schottroff F., Fröhling A., Zunabovic-Pichler M. et al. Sublethal Injury and Viable but Non-culturable (VBNC) State in Microorganisms During Preservation of Food and Biological Materials by NonThermal Processes. Front. Microbiol. 2018, 9: 2773.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Thakur Z., Dharra R., Saini V. et al. Insights from the protein-protein interaction network analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis toxin-antitoxin systems. Bioinformation. 2017, 13(11): 380-387.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Van den Bergh B., Michiels J.E., Fauvart M. et al. Should we develop screens for multi-drug antibiotic tolerance? Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther. 2016, 14(7): 613-616.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Van Melderen L. Toxin-antitoxin systems: why so many, what for? Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2010, 13(6): 781-785.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Verstraeten N., Knapen W.J., Fauvart M. et al. Membrane depolarization-triggered responsive diversification leads to antibiotic tolerance. Microb. Cell. 2015, 2(8): 299-301.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Wang X., Wood T.K. Toxin-antitoxin systems influence biofilm and persister cell formation and the general stress response. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2011, 779(16): 5577-5583.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Wen Y., Behiels E., Devreese B. Toxin-Antitoxin systems: their role in persistence, biofilm formation, and pathogenicity. Pathog. Dis. 2014, 70(3): 240-249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47. Wood T.K. Combatting bacterial persister cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016, 113(3): 476-483.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48. Wood T.K. Strategies for combating persister cell and biofilm infections. Microb. Biotechnol. 2017, 10(5): 1054-1056.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49. Xiao X.L., Tian C., Yu Y.G. et al. Detection of viable but nonculturable Escherichia coli O157:H7 using propidium monoazide treatments and qPCR. Can. J. Microbiol. 2013, 59: 157-163.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>50. Zeiler E., List A., Alte F. et al. Structural and functional insights into caseinolytic proteases reveal an unprecedented regulation principle of their catalytic triad. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2013, 110(28): 11302-11307.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
