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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">362</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-2019-1-36-42</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">AUTOPHAGY REGULATION BY RUBELLA VIRUS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ВЛИЯНИЕ АУТОФАГИИ НА РЕПЛИКАЦИЮ ВИРУСА КРАСНУХИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gulimov</surname><given-names>M. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гулимов</surname><given-names>М. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romantsova</surname><given-names>L. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романцова</surname><given-names>Л. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Astapenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Астапенко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schetinina</surname><given-names>Yu. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щетинина</surname><given-names>Ю. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokofeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокофьева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Movsesyan</surname><given-names>G. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мовсесян</surname><given-names>Г. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ammur</surname><given-names>Yu. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аммур</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera,&#13;
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова,&#13;
Первый московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-04-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>96</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-08-21"><day>21</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2019-08-21"><day>21</day><month>08</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Gulimov M.K., Romantsova L.R., Astapenko A.V., Schetinina Y.R., Prokofeva E.V., Movsesyan G.V., Zverev V.V., Ammur Y.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Гулимов М.К., Романцова Л.Р., Астапенко А.В., Щетинина Ю.Р., Прокофьева Е.В., Мовсесян Г.В., Зверев В.В., Аммур Ю.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gulimov M.K., Romantsova L.R., Astapenko A.V., Schetinina Y.R., Prokofeva E.V., Movsesyan G.V., Zverev V.V., Ammur Y.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гулимов М.К., Романцова Л.Р., Астапенко А.В., Щетинина Ю.Р., Прокофьева Е.В., Мовсесян Г.В., Зверев В.В., Аммур Ю.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/362">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/362</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Aim</bold>. Some viruses can subvert host defense mechanism, autophagy, to their own benefit. We analysed the effect of Rubella virus (RV) infection on autophagy in human alveolar epithelial cells A549. <bold>Materials </bold><bold>and methods</bold>. Cells were infected with the wild type and lab-attenuated strain, C-77w and C-77a, respectively, with a multiplicity of infection of 1.0, in parallel, the expression level of genes encoding Beclin1, Atg5, Rab7, and p62 (SQSTM1) proteins participating in different steps of autolysosome formation was measured. To investigate the role of autophagy on RV replication cycle, we measured the amount of infectious RV particles, together with the viral RNA in supernatants and cell lysates, after incubation of A549 cells with wild type or attenuated strain in the presence of the autophagy inhibitor, Bafilomycin A1, or inducer, Rapamycin. <bold>Results.</bold> The significant increase in Beclin1 and Atg5 gene expression at 24-48 (for the wild type) and 24-72 (for the attenuated type) hours after infection was observed, while significant induction of either Rab7 or SQSTM1 gene expression was not noticed. This effect was correlated with more delayed increase of IFNβ expression and IFNβ-mediated pro-apoptotic gene expression leading to apoptotic cell death 72-96 hours after infection. Moreover, Bafilomycin A1 diminished the RV infection non significantly, as evidenced by the RT-qPCR and plaque assay, while Rapamycin increased the amount of infectious RV particles released by the infected cells more dramatically with wild type comparing with attenuated strain. <bold>Conclusion.</bold> Thus, we hypothesized that RV can use an antiviral mechanism to prevent degradation and ensure its replication, differentially regulating the process of autophagy, by stimulating the initiation and suppression of later steps.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold>. Данное исследование направлено на изучение роли аутофагии во внутриклеточном цикле вируса краснухи. <bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Для того, чтобы оценить взаимосвязь процесса аутофагии и репликации вируса краснухи, эпителиальные клетки А549 заражали диким и аттенуированным вариантами штамма вируса краснухи — С-77w и С-77а, соответственно, со множественностью заражения 1 инф.ед./кл, параллельно измеряли накопление вирусной РНК и уровень экспрессии генов, участвующих в инициации и элонгации аутофагосомы и ее слиянии с лизосомой — Beclin1, Atg5, Rab7 и SQSTM1 (p62), а также в присутствии ингибитора (BFLA) и индуктора (Rapamycin) аутофагии. <bold>Результаты.</bold> Для мРНК генов Beclin1 и Atg5 была характерна их повышенная экспрессия на 24-48 (для дикого штамма) и 24-72 (для аттенуированного штамма) часов после заражения. Однако индукции экспрессии мРНК генов Rab7 и SQSTM1 не наблюдали. Данный эффект коррелировал c более отсроченной экспрессией IFNβ, а также IFNβ-опсоредованной индукцией экспрессии мРНК про-апоптотических генов. Кроме того, аутофагия вносила существенный вклад в продукцию вирусных частиц клетками А549 во внеклеточное пространство, что следует из увеличения их выхода через 48 часов после заражения клеток А549 в присутствии индуктора аутофагии и незначительного снижения — в присутствии ингибитора, при этом значимого эффекта на изменение концентрации вирусной РНК как в супернатантах, так и внутриклеточно не наблюдали. <bold>Заключение</bold>. Таким образом, мы предполагаем, что вирус краснухи может избирательно регулировать процесс аутофагии путем стимулирования инициации и подавления более поздних стадий для предотвращения деградации вирусного потомства и обеспечения своей репликации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rubella virus</kwd><kwd>autophagy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус краснухи</kwd><kwd>аутофагия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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