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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19261</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-865</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UFQHCB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DISCUSSIONS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИСКУССИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of approaches of the World Health Assembly to the retention or destruction of variola virus stocks</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эволюция подходов Всемирной ассамблеи здравоохранения к вопросу сохранения или уничтожения вируса натуральной оспы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0135-7258</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Onishchenko</surname><given-names>Gennady G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Онищенко</surname><given-names>Геннадий Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy President</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, заместитель президента</p></bio><email>mail@raop.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7985-5516</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stovba</surname><given-names>Lyudmila F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стовба</surname><given-names>Людмила Федоровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Research and testing department, Research directorate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела научно-исследовательского управления</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2603-0860</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chukhralya</surname><given-names>Oleg V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чухраля</surname><given-names>Олег Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Research and testing department, Research directorate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, начальник научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела научно-исследовательского управления</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3204-1897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paveliev</surname><given-names>Dmitry I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павельев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Research and testing department, Research directorate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, начальник научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела научно-исследовательского управления</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5175-916X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savenko</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савенко</surname><given-names>Сергей Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Research and testing department, Research directorate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, начальник научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела научно-исследовательского управления</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2890-4032</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirkitadze</surname><given-names>Gleb D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киркитадзе</surname><given-names>Глеб Дмитриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>senior researcher, Research and testing department, Research directorate</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>с. н. с. научно-исследовательского испытательного отдела научно-исследовательского управления</p></bio><email>bossmaddi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6742-3919</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisevich</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисевич</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, академик РАН, начальник</p></bio><email>48cnii@mil.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская академия образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">48th Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «48 Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Минобороны России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>573</fpage><lpage>578</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Onishchenko G.G., Stovba L.F., Chukhralya O.V., Paveliev D.I., Savenko S.V., Kirkitadze G.D., Borisevich S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Онищенко Г.Г., Стовба Л.Ф., Чухраля О.В., Павельев Д.И., Савенко С.В., Киркитадзе Г.Д., Борисевич С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Onishchenko G.G., Stovba L.F., Chukhralya O.V., Paveliev D.I., Savenko S.V., Kirkitadze G.D., Borisevich S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Онищенко Г.Г., Стовба Л.Ф., Чухраля О.В., Павельев Д.И., Савенко С.В., Киркитадзе Г.Д., Борисевич С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19261">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19261</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>After smallpox eradication was certified in 1980, the international community faced the question of the fate of the remaining collections of <italic>Variola virus</italic> (<italic>VARV</italic>). Debate over their destruction has continued for more than four decades.</p> <p><bold>Objective. </bold>To conduct a historical-chronological analysis of World Health Organization (WHO) and World Health Assembly (WHA) documents in order to trace changes in the arguments and approaches concerning the retention and possible destruction of <italic>VARV</italic> stocks.</p> <p>Resolutions of the World Health Assembly, WHO documents, and materials from the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research were analyzed as sources; historical-chronological and comparative methods were employed.</p> <p>After storage was centralized in two WHO collaborating centers, the proposed timelines for destruction were repeatedly reconsidered. In 1999, the WHA authorized temporary retention to allow further international research; in 2002, retention was continued subject to results-oriented and time-limited studies. During the 2010s, risks associated with advances in synthetic biology became more prominent in the discussion. In 2019, the WHA extended the research programme for a further five years.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The history of this issue reflects not a linear progression toward a final decision to destroy the <italic>VARV</italic>, but rather a periodic review of retention timelines and research conditions. The WHO Advisory Committee plays a pivotal scientific advisory role in evaluating the necessity, direction, and outcomes of <italic>VARV</italic> research, and its expert findings inform deliberations regarding the future of the stocks. The current WHO approach is characterized by a combination of rigorous research oversight, biosafety requirements, and periodic reviews of the research program.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>После сертификации ликвидации натуральной оспы в 1980 г. перед международным сообществом встал вопрос о судьбе сохранившихся коллекций вируса натуральной оспы (<italic>Variola virus</italic>, VARV). Дебаты о необходимости их уничтожения продолжаются более 40 лет.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>работы<bold> </bold>— провести историко-хронологический анализ документов Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) и Всемирной ассамблеи здравоохранения (ВАЗ), чтобы проследить изменение аргументации и подходов к хранению и возможному уничтожению запасов <italic>VARV</italic>.</p> <p>В качестве источников были проанализированы резолюции ВАЗ, документы ВОЗ и материалы Консультативного комитета ВОЗ по исследованиям вируса натуральной оспы; использованы историко-хронологический и сравнительный методы.</p> <p>После централизации хранения вируса в двух сотрудничающих центрах ВОЗ сроки его предполагаемого уничтожения неоднократно пересматривались. В 1999 г. ВАЗ разрешила временное хранение для продолжения международных исследований, а в 2002 г. продлила его при условии результативности и ограниченности исследований по времени. В 2010-х гг. при обсуждении вопроса усилилось значение рисков, связанных с развитием синтетической биологии. В 2019 г. ВАЗ продлила программу исследований ещё на 5 лет.</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>История вопроса отражает периодический пересмотр сроков хранения и условий проведения исследований. Консультативный комитет ВОЗ играет ключевую научно-консультативную роль в оценке необходимости, направлений и результатов исследований <italic>VARV</italic>, а его экспертные материалы используются при рассмотрении вопроса о дальнейшей судьбе запасов. Современный подход ВОЗ характеризуется сочетанием строгого контроля исследований, требований биобезопасности и периодического пересмотра исследовательской программы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>orthopoxviruses</kwd><kwd>variola virus</kwd><kwd>monkeypox virus</kwd><kwd>cowpox virus</kwd><kwd>rinderpest virus</kwd><kwd>World Health Organization</kwd><kwd>World Health Assembly</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd><kwd>вирус натуральной оспы</kwd><kwd>оспа обезьян</kwd><kwd>оспа коров</kwd><kwd>вирус чумы крупного рогатого скота</kwd><kwd>Всемирная организация здравоохранения</kwd><kwd>Всемирная ассамблея здравоохранения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>World Health Organization. World Health Assembly Resolution 33.4 (1980). 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