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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19260</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-884</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">TAFVDT</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biological methods of disinfection: possibilities and limitations. Systematic review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биологические методы дезинфекции: возможности и ограничения. Систематический обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5802-0196</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimova</surname><given-names>Elvira V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климова</surname><given-names>Эльвира Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), senior analyst</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, старший аналитик</p></bio><email>elviraklimova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3345-2631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фёдорова</surname><given-names>Людмила Самуиловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Laboratory of overcoming microbial resistance</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. лаб. преодоления микробной резистентности</p></bio><email>fedorova-ls@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7886-6159</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkina</surname><given-names>Alina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкина</surname><given-names>Алина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of overcoming microbial resistance</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. преодоления микробной резистентности</p></bio><email>ivkina_as@sysbiomed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7840-899X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dabizheva</surname><given-names>Aleksandra N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дабижева</surname><given-names>Александра Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с.</p></bio><email>dabijeva_an@sysbiomed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Научно-исследовательский институт системной биологии и медицины» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>540</fpage><lpage>553</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Klimova E.V., Fedorova L.S., Ivkina A.S., Dabizheva A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Климова Э.В., Фёдорова Л.С., Ивкина А.С., Дабижева А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Klimova E.V., Fedorova L.S., Ivkina A.S., Dabizheva A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Климова Э.В., Фёдорова Л.С., Ивкина А.С., Дабижева А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19260">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19260</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Current challenges associated with the rising of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the limitations of the use of chemical disinfectants (potential side effects, the need for precautions, negative impact on some materials, and short-term effectiveness) are stimulating the search for alternative approaches to disinfection. Biological disinfection using probiotic bacteria and bacteriophages is considered a promising method for managing the hospital environment.</p> <p><bold>Objectives</bold>. This paper aims to systematically analyze the effectiveness and use of biological disinfection agents (probiotic bacterial consortia and bacteriophages) in healthcare settings compared to traditional chemical methods.</p> <p>A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, and eLIBRARY.RU databases for the period from 2010 to 2025. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 58 publications that met the inclusion criteria were selected: original studies devoted to the use of biological agents for disinfecting surfaces and equipment in healthcare settings in comparison with chemical methods.</p> <p>Probiotic consortia based on <italic>Bacillus </italic>spp. were found to form a stable microbiome on surfaces with regular use, reducing the frequency of pathogen recolonization. In multicenter trials, international researchers demonstrated a reduction in the contamination of objects with methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA) and the incidence of hospital-acquired infections from 4.8% to 2.3% over 6 months. Bacteriophages demonstrate high efficacy against bacteria, including those forming biofilms of <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> and <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> on medical equipment (a 4-log reduction in CFU), whereas chemical agents (chlorhexidine) are often unable to completely destroy the biofilm matrix and are effective primarily against planktonic forms of microorganisms. The most promising approaches are considered to be combined strategies: “chemical disinfection followed by colonization with a probiotic consortium” or “chemical disinfection followed by the use of bacteriophages”.</p> <p>Biological disinfection is a scientifically proven, targeted method for managing hospital microbiota that does not replace, but rather strategically complements chemical disinfection. Its implementation in Russian healthcare facilities requires the development of standardized protocols and large-scale sanitary-microbiological and clinical-epidemiological studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Современные вызовы, связанные с ростом антимикробной резистентности (АМР) и ограничениями применения химических дезинфектантов (возможные побочные эффекты, необходимость применения мер предосторожности, негативное воздействие на материалы некоторых объектов, краткосрочность эффекта), стимулируют поиск альтернативных подходов к проведению дезинфекции. Как перспективный метод управления госпитальной средой рассматривается биологическая дезинфекция с использованием пробиотических бактерий и бактериофагов.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> обзора — систематический анализ эффективности и применения агентов биологической дезинфекции (пробиотических бактериальных консорциумов и бактериофагов) в условиях медицинских организаций в сравнении с традиционным химическим методом.</p> <p>Систематический поиск литературы проводился в базах данных PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, КиберЛенинка, eLIBRARY.RU за 2010–2025 гг. По методологии PRISMA 2020 отобраны 58 исследований, соответствующих критериям включения: оригинальные работы, посвящённые применению биологических агентов для дезинфекции поверхностей и оборудования в медицинских организациях в сравнении с химическими методами.</p> <p>Установлено, что пробиотические консорциумы на основе <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp. при регулярном применении формируют стабильный микробиом на поверхностях, снижая частоту реколонизации патогенами. Зарубежными исследователями в многоцентровых испытаниях пробиотического средства показано снижение контаминации объектов метициллин-резистентным <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA) и частоты внутрибольничных инфекций с 4,8 до 2,3% в течение 6 мес. Бактериофаги демонстрируют высокую эффективность в действии на бактерии, в том числе в составе биоплёнки <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> и <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, находящихся на медицинском оборудовании (снижение КОЕ на 4 log), тогда как химические агенты (хлоргексидин) часто не способны полностью разрушить матрикс биоплёнки и эффективны преимущественно в отношении планктонных форм микроорганизмов. Наиболее перспективными признаны комбинированные стратегии: химическая дезинфекция с последующей колонизацией пробиотическим консорциумом либо химическая дезинфекция с последующим применением бактериофагов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Биологический метод дезинфекции представляет собой научно обоснованный целенаправленный метод управления госпитальной микробиотой, который не заменяет, а стратегически дополняет химическую дезинфекцию. Его внедрение в практику российских медицинских организаций требует разработки стандартизированных протоколов и проведения масштабных санитарно-микробиологических и клинико-эпидемиологических исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>biological and chemical methods of disinfection</kwd><kwd>microorganisms</kwd><kwd>bacterial consortia</kwd><kwd>probiotics</kwd><kwd>bacteriophages</kwd><kwd>biofilm</kwd><kwd>nosocomial infections</kwd><kwd>microbial resistance</kwd><kwd>disinfectants</kwd><kwd>disinfection strategies</kwd><kwd>healthcare organizations</kwd><kwd>antiviral activity of probiotics</kwd><kwd>metabolites of Bacillus spp.</kwd><kwd>virucidal treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биологический и химический методы дезинфекции</kwd><kwd>микроорганизмы</kwd><kwd>бактериальные консорциумы</kwd><kwd>пробиотики</kwd><kwd>бактериофаги</kwd><kwd>биоплёнка</kwd><kwd>внутрибольничные инфекции</kwd><kwd>микробная резистентность</kwd><kwd>дезинфицирующие средства</kwd><kwd>стратегии дезинфекции</kwd><kwd>медицинские организации</kwd><kwd>противовирусная активность пробиотиков</kwd><kwd>метаболиты Bacillus spp.</kwd><kwd>вирулицидная обработка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Harada L.K., Silva E.C., Campos W.F., et al. 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