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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19257</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-881</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">SBRRCP</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular reconstruction of the transmembrane coronavirus heterocomplex formed by the receptor S and the ionic channel E proteins</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярная реконструкция коронавирусного трансмембранного гетерокомплекса рецепторного белка S и белка ионного канала Е</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1290-4042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernyshova</surname><given-names>Alyona I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернышова</surname><given-names>Алёна Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of immunology, D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. иммунологии Института вирусологии им. Д.И. Ивановского</p></bio><email>immunol.lab@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3192-8405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhirnov</surname><given-names>Oleg P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жирнов</surname><given-names>Олег Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Corr. Member of the RAS, Head, Laboratory of viral pathogenesis, Head, Laboratory of viral pathogenesis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, проф., член-корреспондент РАН, рук. лаб. вирусного патогенеза, рук. лаб. вирусного патогенеза</p></bio><email>zhirnov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, N.F. Gamaleya Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт вирусологии имени Д.И. Ивановского ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почётного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian-German Academy of Medicosocial and Biotechnological Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АНО «Русско-немецкая академия медико-социальных и биотехнологических наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>455</fpage><lpage>469</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Chernyshova A.I., Zhirnov O.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Чернышова А.И., Жирнов О.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chernyshova A.I., Zhirnov O.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чернышова А.И., Жирнов О.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19257">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19257</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (family <italic>Coronaviridae</italic>, genus <italic>Betacoronavirus</italic>) is an enveloped virus containing a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The outer lipid envelope of the virion contains the receptor protein S and the ion channel protein E. Protein S forms trimers, while protein E can form di-, tri-, and/or pentamers.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of this study is to perform a molecular reconstruction of the coronavirus transmembrane heterocomplex consisting of the S receptor protein and the E ion channel protein.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A molecular reconstruction of the transmembrane heterocomplex structure formed by the receptor protein S and the ion channel protein E (viroporin) of the coronavirus was performed using computer modeling based on the AlphaFold3 program. The heterocomplexes were characterized by stable structures having high reliable metrics, such as ipTM, pTM, and ranking score, of 0.76, 0.77, and 0.81, respectively, and the lack of atomic collisions at the protein-protein interfaces (factor clash score). The heterocomplex consisting of S trimeric and F dimeric protein molecules were estimated to be the most reliable. These heterocomplexes have characteristic structure as a "matryoshka" doll, where the viroporin E multimers were embedded within the S protein trimer, and their interactions were mainly maintained by the alpha-helical transmembrane hydrophobic domains found in both viral proteins.</p> <p><bold>Discussion.</bold> The interaction of the protein S with the viral protein E alters the conformation of the S'2 proteolytic site, which may alter its sensitivity to proteases. Heterocomplex S–E retained the matryoshka model after the cleavage S0→S1/2. Notably, the described model of the S–E heterocomplex had a through transmolecular tunnel, enabling the S protein regulatory action on the ionic channel E conductivity.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The obtained data suggest a novel original organization of viral protein S and E heterocomplexes, capable of performing multiple viral regulatory functions within the virion and in infected cells.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Коронавирус SARS-CoV-2 относится к оболочечным вирусам, содержащим геномную одноцепочечную РНК позитивной полярности. В составе наружной липидной оболочки вириона находятся рецепторный белок S и белок ионных каналов Е. Белок S формирует тримеры, белок Е может формировать ди-, три- и/или пентамеры.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> работы — молекулярная реконструкция коронавирусного трансмембранного гетерокомплекса (ГК) рецепторного белка S и белка ионного канала Е.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Проведена молекулярная реконструкция трансмембранного ГК, образованного рецепторным белком S и белком ионного канала Е (виропорином) коронавируса, с использованием компьютерного моделирования на основе программы AlphaFold3.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Установлено, что данные белки могут формировать ГК из тримеров S и мультимеров белка Е. Данные ГК характеризуются устойчивой структурой с высокими метриками достоверности, такими как ipTM, pTM, ranking score, составляющими величины 0,76, 0,77 и 0,81 соответственно, при отсутствии столкновения атомов в межбелковых поверхностях (недопустимые положения атомов — фактор «clash score»). Наиболее достоверным оказался ГК, состоящий из тримеров S и димеров E белков. Характерной особенностью ГК является их архитектура в виде «матрешки», когда мультимеры ионного канала были погружены во внутренний объём тримера белка S и основой их взаимодействия служили α-спиральные трансмембранные домены, обнаруживаемые у обоих вирусных белков.</p> <p><bold>Обсуждение. </bold>Взаимодействие с вирусным белком Е изменяет конформацию протеолитического сайта S’2, что может изменить его чувствительность к протеазам. ГК S–E сохранял модель «матрёшки» после разрезания S0→S1/2. Примечательно, что описанная модель «матрёшки» ГК S–E имела сквозной проход, создающий возможность регуляции белком S проводимости ионного канала, образованного белком Е.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные данные допускают принципиально новую структурную организацию вирусных белков S и E, способную выполнять множественные регуляторные функции в составе вириона и в инфицированных клетках.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coronaviruses</kwd><kwd>protein S</kwd><kwd>ionic channel</kwd><kwd>protein E</kwd><kwd>3D structure</kwd><kwd>AlpfaFold3</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>коронавирусы</kwd><kwd>белок S</kwd><kwd>ионный канал</kwd><kwd>белок Е</kwd><kwd>3D-структуры</kwd><kwd>AlphaFold3</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Жирнов О.П. Коронавирусная инфекция: принципы этиотропной химиотерапии. 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