<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19256</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-854</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YLKGAI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The current level of genetic diversity of the hepatitis A virus in the Russian Federation — results of genetic monitoring in 2022–2025</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическое разнообразие вируса гепатита А в Российской Федерации на современном этапе — результаты молекулярно-генетического мониторинга в 2022–2025 годах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-9044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimkin</surname><given-names>Vasily G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимкин</surname><given-names>Василий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>vgakimkin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3599-117X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kyuregyan</surname><given-names>Karen K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кюрегян</surname><given-names>Карен Каренович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, leading researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор РАН, зав. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, в. н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>karen-kyuregyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6013-7768</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karlsen</surname><given-names>Anastasiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карлсен</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>karlsen12@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0082-1859</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krapkovskaya</surname><given-names>Katherine R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крапковская</surname><given-names>Катрин Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>kkrapkovski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1838-8037</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asadi Mobarkhan</surname><given-names>Fedor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асади Мобархан</surname><given-names>Федор Алиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с.<italic> </italic>лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>1amfa@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6853-4154</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lopatukhina</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лопатухина</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с.<italic> </italic>лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>m.lopatukhina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7838-6965</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kichatova</surname><given-names>Vera S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кичатова</surname><given-names>Вера Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, senior researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, с. н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>vera_kichatova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7559-4219</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Potemkin</surname><given-names>Ilya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Потемкин</surname><given-names>Илья Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, senior researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, с. н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>axi0ma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2656-3667</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaeva</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаева</surname><given-names>Ольга Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, leading researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, в. н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>isaeva.o@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8311-8204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klushkina</surname><given-names>Vitalina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клушкина</surname><given-names>Виталина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>vitalinaklu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0401-279X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodionova</surname><given-names>Zinaida S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родионова</surname><given-names>Зинаида Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>rodionova.z@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5839-7055</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Людмила Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>gavrilova.l@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2575-8569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korabelnikova</surname><given-names>Marina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корабельникова</surname><given-names>Марина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>korabelnikova@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7325-8577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudravtseva</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцева</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>kudryavtseva@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-6801</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>Mikhail I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>Михаил Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, chief researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral hepatitis, Head, Laboratory of viral hepatitis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, г. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных гепатитов, зав. лаб. вирусных гепатитов</p></bio><email>michmich2@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>441</fpage><lpage>454</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-10-01"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Akimkin V.G., Kyuregyan K.K., Karlsen A.A., Krapkovskaya K.R., Asadi Mobarkhan F.A., Lopatukhina M.A., Kichatova V.S., Potemkin I.A., Isaeva O.V., Klushkina V.V., Rodionova Z.S., Gavrilova L.S., Korabelnikova M.I., Kudravtseva E.N., Mikhailov M.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Акимкин В.Г., Кюрегян К.К., Карлсен А.А., Крапковская К.Р., Асади Мобархан Ф.А., Лопатухина М.А., Кичатова В.С., Потемкин И.А., Исаева О.В., Клушкина В.В., Родионова З.С., Гаврилова Л.С., Корабельникова М.И., Кудрявцева Е.Н., Михайлов М.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Akimkin V.G., Kyuregyan K.K., Karlsen A.A., Krapkovskaya K.R., Asadi Mobarkhan F.A., Lopatukhina M.A., Kichatova V.S., Potemkin I.A., Isaeva O.V., Klushkina V.V., Rodionova Z.S., Gavrilova L.S., Korabelnikova M.I., Kudravtseva E.N., Mikhailov M.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Акимкин В.Г., Кюрегян К.К., Карлсен А.А., Крапковская К.Р., Асади Мобархан Ф.А., Лопатухина М.А., Кичатова В.С., Потемкин И.А., Исаева О.В., Клушкина В.В., Родионова З.С., Гаврилова Л.С., Корабельникова М.И., Кудрявцева Е.Н., Михайлов М.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19256">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19256</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Genetic monitoring of hepatitis A virus (HAV) is an important tool for surveillance of this infection and the identification of hepatitis A outbreaks.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of the study was to analyze the genetic diversity of HAV variants involved in sporadic and cluster cases of hepatitis A in 2022–2025.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A total of 402 HAV VP1/2A partial sequences isolated from sporadic and cluster cases in 2022–2025 in various regions of the Russian Federation were analyzed. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using a Bayesian approach implemented in the Beast2 software package using HAV sequences isolated in regions of the Russian Federation and neighboring countries since 1998. To assess changes in genetic diversity, <italic>p</italic>-distance values were analyzed in four HAV sequence samples, divided based on virus genotype and the year the sequences were isolated — before or after 2020.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The persistent circulation of two HAV genotypes, IA and IIIA, was demonstrated. The share of genotype IA was 78.4%, genotype IIIA — 12.7%, and imported genotype IB — 8.9%. Both genotypes, IA and IIIA, contribute to both sporadic and outbreak cases. 98% of HAV genotype IA isolates belonged to a single lineage originating from the strain that caused the 2010 outbreak in Moscow. Analysis of <italic>p</italic>-distance values confirmed a decrease in HAV genetic diversity — for genotype IA before 2020, this indicator ranged from 0.000 to 0.316, and from 0.000 to 0.087 in 2020–2024. For genotype IIIA, a decrease in the <italic>p</italic>-distance indicator was also noted, from 0.000–0.080 before 2020 to 0.000–0.029 in 2020–2024.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The obtained results indicate a decrease in the genetic diversity of HAV against the background of a decrease in hepatitis A incidence rates, and suggest that analysis of longer regions of the viral genome might be required for molecular surveillance and outbreak investigation in the future, if the trend of decreasing genetic diversity of the virus remain.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Молекулярно-генетический мониторинг за вирусом гепатита А (ВГА) является важным инструментом надзора за этой инфекцией и расшифровки вспышек гепатита А.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> исследования являлся анализ генетического разнообразия геноизолятов ВГА, вовлечённых в спорадическую и групповую заболеваемость гепатитом А в 2022–2025 гг.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проанализированы 402 последовательности участка VP1/2A генома ВГА, выделенных в 2022–2025 гг. в различных регионах Российской Федерации от случаев спорадической и групповой заболеваемости. Филогенетические деревья строили с использованием байесовского подхода, реализованного в пакете программ Beast2 с использованием последовательностей ВГА, выделенных на территории регионов Российской Федерации и сопредельных стран с 1998 г. Для оценки изменений уровня генетического разнообразия анализировали значения <italic>p</italic>-distance в 4 выборках последовательностей ВГА, разделённых на основании генотипа вируса и года выделения последовательностей — до или после 2020 г.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Продемонстрировано сохранение циркуляции двух генотипов ВГА: IA и IIIA. Доля генотипа IA составила 78,4%, IIIA — 12,7%, завозного генотипа IB — 8,9%. Оба генотипа — IA и IIIA — делают вклад как в спорадическую, так и во вспышечную заболеваемость. 98% геноизолятов ВГА генотипа IA относились к одной линии, происходящей от штамма, вызвавшего вспышку в 2010 г. в Москве. Анализ значений <italic>p</italic>-distance подтвердил снижение генетического разнообразия ВГА: для генотипа IA до 2020 г. этот показатель составлял от 0,000 до 0,316, а в 2020–2024 гг. — от 0,000 до 0,087. Для генотипа IIIA также отмечено снижение показателя <italic>p</italic>-distance с 0,000–0,080 до 2020 г. до 0,000–0,029 в 2020–2024 гг.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные результаты свидетельствуют об уменьшении генетического разнообразия ВГА на фоне снижения регистрируемой заболеваемости гепатитом А и указывают на целесообразность разработки методик для анализа более протяжённых участков генома для надзора и расшифровки вспышек в будущем при сохранении тенденции к снижению генетического разнообразия вируса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatitis A virus</kwd><kwd>genetic surveillance</kwd><kwd>outbreaks</kwd><kwd>genetic diversity</kwd><kwd>Bayesian analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита А</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-генетический мониторинг</kwd><kwd>вспышки</kwd><kwd>генетическое разнообразие</kwd><kwd>байесовский анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zell R., Delwart E., Gorbalenya A.E., et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: picornaviridae. J. Gen. Virol. 2017;98(10):2421–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.000911</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Bruni R., Taffon S., Equestre M., et al. Key role of sequencing to trace hepatitis A viruses circulating in italy during a large multi-country European foodborne outbreak in 2013. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0149642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lemon S.M., Ott J.J., Van Damme P., Shouval D. Type A viral hepatitis: A summary and update on the molecular virology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention. J. Hepatol. 2017;S0168-8278(17)32278-X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.08.034 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yfygsl</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Abutaleb A., Kottilil S. Hepatitis A: epidemiology, natural history, unusual clinical manifestations, and prevention. Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 2020;49(2):191–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2020.01.002 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/szhbch</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. WHO Immunological Basis for Immunization Series, Module 18: Hepatitis A;2019. Available at: https://who.int/publications/i/item/97892516327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Migueres M., Lhomme S., Izopet J. Hepatitis A: epidemiology, high-risk groups, prevention and research on antiviral treatment. Viruses. 2021;13(10):1900. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101900 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ybpmys</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Van Herck K., Van Damme P. Prevention of hepatitis A by Havrix: a review. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 2005;4(4):459–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.4.4.459</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Jacobsen K.H. Globalization and the changing epidemiology of hepatitis A Virus. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 2018;8(10):a031716. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a031716</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Kyuregyan K.K., Lopatukhina M.A., Asadi Mobarkhan F.A., et al. Dynamic changes in hepatitis A immunity in regions with different vaccination strategies and different vaccination coverage. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(9):1423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091423 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/mvzcfj</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Andani A., van Damme P., Bunge E.M., et al. One or two doses of hepatitis A vaccine in universal vaccination programs in children in 2020: A systematic review. Vaccine. 2022;40(2):196–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.038 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/nacool</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Victor J.C., Monto A.S., Surdina T.Y., et al. Hepatitis A vaccine versus immune globulin for postexposure prophylaxis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007;357(17):1685–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070546 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xlqumr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Клушкина В.В., Корабельникова М.И., Кудрявцева Е.Н. и др. Современная характеристика эпидемического процесса гепатита А в Российской Федерации. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы. 2026;16(1):19–27. Klushkina V.V., Korabelnikova M.I., Kudryavtseva E.N., et al. Characteristics of the epidemic process of hepatitis a in the Russian Federation. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2026;16(1):19–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18565/epidem.2026.16.1.19-27 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/drgnif</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hu X., Collier M.G., Xu F. Hepatitis A outbreaks in developed countries: detection, control, and prevention. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 2020;17(3):166–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2019.2648 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ocizzn</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Nainan O.V., Xia G., Vaughan G., Margolis H.S. Diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2006;19(1):63–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.19.1.63-79.2006 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xssqhn</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Andani A., Bunge E., Kassianos G., et al. Hepatitis A occurrence and outbreaks in Europe over the past two decades: A systematic review. J. Viral. Hepat. 2023;30(6):497–511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.13821 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/sontba</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Foster M.A., Hofmeister M.G., Yin S., et al. Widespread hepatitis A outbreaks associated with person-to-person transmission – United States, 2016–2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2022;71(39):1229–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7139a1 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/tllckc</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Werber D., Michaelis K., Hausner M., et al. Ongoing outbreaks of hepatitis A among men who have sex with men (MSM), Berlin, November 2016 to January 2017 – linked to other German cities and European countries. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(5):30457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.5.30457 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yzzesd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hofmeister M.G., Xing J., Foster M.A., et al. Hepatitis A person-to-person outbreaks: epidemiology, morbidity burden, and factors associated with hospitalization-multiple states, 2016–2019. J. Infect. Dis. 2021;223(3):426–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa636 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/pfnehg</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Mukomolov S., Kontio M., Zheleznova N., et al. Increased circulation of hepatitis A virus genotype IIIA over the last decade in St Petersburg, Russia. J. Med. Virol. 2012;84(10):1528–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23378 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/rfzxjf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kroneman A., de Sousa R., Verhoef L., et al. Usability of the international HAVNet hepatitis A virus database for geographical annotation, backtracing and outbreak detection. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(37):1700802. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.37.1700802</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Costa-Mattioli M., Monpoeho S., Schvoerer C., et al. Genetic analysis of hepatitis A virus outbreak in France confirms the co-circulation of subgenotypes Ia, Ib and reveals a new genetic lineage. J. Med. Virol. 2001;65(2):233–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.2025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Wang H., Chen W., Zhou W., et al. Exploration of a new hepatitis a surveillance system in Beijing, China: based on molecular epidemiology. BMC Infect. Dis. 2022;22(1):22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06872-4 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/fjxxcd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Cleary N.G., Bryant P.W., Lamson D.M., et al. A custom hepatitis A virus assay for whole-genome sequencing. J. Virol. Methods. 2023;312:114649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114649 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/nfiboy</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Zufan S.E., Mercoulia K., Kwong J.C., et al. High-performance enrichment-based genome sequencing to support the investigation of hepatitis A virus outbreaks. Microbiol. Spectr. 2024;12(1):e0283423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02834-23 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xchqsy</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Sicilia P., Fantilli A.C., Cuba F., et al. Novel strategy for whole-genome sequencing of hepatitis A virus using NGS illumina technology and phylogenetic comparison with partial VP1/2A genomic region. Sci. Rep. 2025;15(1):6375. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-91116-7 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/neyban</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
