<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19207</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-830</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">EPATAV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Features of the gut microbiome in mice with polygenic disorders of energy metabolism</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности микробиома кишечника мышей с полигенными нарушениями энергетического обмена</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-0741</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>Nadezhda S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Надежда Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of Biomedical Microecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. Лаборатории биомедицинской микроэкологии<bold> </bold></p></bio><email>nadezhda.lavrenova.vrn@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5741-1562</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murovets</surname><given-names>Vladimir O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муровец</surname><given-names>Владимир Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of physiology of digestion</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. физиологии пищеварения</p></bio><email>murovetsvo@infran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0711-0224</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sepp</surname><given-names>Anastasia L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сепп</surname><given-names>Анастасия Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Veterinary), researcher, Laboratory of nutritional physiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. ветер. наук, н. с. лаб. физиологии питания</p></bio><email>anastasiya.sepp@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2732-5676</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladyshev</surname><given-names>Nikita S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладышев</surname><given-names>Никита Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Departmrnt of histology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. каф. гистологии</p></bio><email>krinege@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9779-9557</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sozontov</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Созонтов</surname><given-names>Егор Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of physiology of digestion</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. Лаборатории физиологии пищеварения<bold> </bold></p></bio><email>sozontovea@infran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0052-0896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alferova</surname><given-names>Lyubov S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алфёрова</surname><given-names>Любовь Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Department of molecular microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. отдела молекулярной микробиологии</p></bio><email>lu_bashka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9570-4769</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zalicheva</surname><given-names>Alena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заличева</surname><given-names>Алена Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher,<bold> </bold>Laboratory of molecular genetics of pathogenic microorganisms</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. Лаборатория молекулярной генетики патогенных микроорганизмов</p></bio><email>tarno@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-2435</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotarev</surname><given-names>Vasily A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотарёв</surname><given-names>Василий Авенирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of physiology of digestion</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, зав. лаб. физиологии пищеварения</p></bio><email>zolotarevva@infran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2569-6660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolenko</surname><given-names>Elena I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермоленко</surname><given-names>Елена Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory of Personalized Microbial Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, зав. лаб. персонифицированной микробной терапии</p></bio><email>lermolenko1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov Institute of Physiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт физиологии им. И.П. Павлова РАН»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «РНЦХ им. акад. Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>341</fpage><lpage>353</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-07-11"><day>11</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Novikova N.S., Murovets V.O., Sepp A.L., Gladyshev N.S., Sozontov E.A., Alferova L.S., Zalicheva A.B., Zolotarev V.A., Ermolenko E.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Новикова Н.С., Муровец В.О., Сепп А.Л., Гладышев Н.С., Созонтов Е.А., Алфёрова Л.С., Заличева А.Б., Золотарёв В.А., Ермоленко Е.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Novikova N.S., Murovets V.O., Sepp A.L., Gladyshev N.S., Sozontov E.A., Alferova L.S., Zalicheva A.B., Zolotarev V.A., Ermolenko E.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Новикова Н.С., Муровец В.О., Сепп А.Л., Гладышев Н.С., Созонтов Е.А., Алфёрова Л.С., Заличева А.Б., Золотарёв В.А., Ермоленко Е.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19207">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19207</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective.</bold> To identify features of the gut microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing in inbred KK.Cg-a/a (KK) mice and the KK.Cg-Ay/a (Ay) subline with metabolic syndrome (MetS) caused by different genetic disorders, compared to the C57BL/6J (B6) mouse line lacking manifestations of the pathology.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> 3–4 months old male mice of three mouse lines were used: 1) KK mice with polygenic genomic disorders contributing to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia; 2) the Ay substrain carrying an additional mutant dominant allele of the <italic>Agouti yellow</italic> coat color gene, exhibiting more severe MetS manifestations; 3) the B6 mouse line, not prone to obesity and diabetes (control group). All mice were of the same age (2 months) and sex (males) and received a normocaloric diet. Morphometry was performed for each animal, and biochemical parameters of blood serum were analyzed. PCR analysis of mRNA expression of neuropeptides and receptors in the hypothalamus was conducted. Mouse fecal samples were examined using 16S rRNA metagenomic analysis.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> As previously shown, in male mice with genome-wide disorders on a normocaloric diet, obesity and alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism developed, being more pronounced in the Ay group. Animals of the Ay substrain differed from other mice by greater body and liver weight, higher plasma glucose and leptin concentrations, and increased expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and <italic>Tas1r3</italic>. In all animals with MetS, the microbiome differed from the control group by a lower abundance of the family <italic>Muribaculaceae</italic> and the genus <italic>Akkermansia</italic>, and an increased percentage of the phylum <italic>Bacteroidota</italic> (genera <italic>Alistipes</italic>, <italic>Odoribacter</italic>, and <italic>Bacteroides</italic>). A distinctive feature of the Ay microbiome was an increased percentage of the families <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> and <italic>Oscillospiraceae (Ruminococcaceae)</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Specific features of the gut microbiome characteristic of inbred animals with varying severities of energy metabolism disorders were identified. The models used can be employed to study the pathogenesis of MetS considering the role of microbiota, as well as to develop methods for predicting disease severity and correcting dysbiotic disturbances arising from energy metabolism disorders.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold> работы — выявление особенностей микробиома кишечника инбредных мышей линии KK.Cg-a/a (КК) и подлинии KK.Cg-Ay/а (Ay) с метаболическим синдромом (МС), обусловленным различными генетическими нарушениями.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Были использованы самцы мышей 3–4-месячного возраста 3 линий: 1) KК с полигенными нарушениями генома, способствующими развитию гипергликемии, инсулинорезистентности, гиперинсулинемии; 2) подлиния Ay с дополнительно перенесённой мутантной доминантной аллелью гена окраски шерсти <italic>Agouti yellow</italic> с более выраженными проявлениями МС; 3) C57BL6/J (В6), не склонных к развитию ожирения и сахарного диабета (контрольная группа). Все мыши были одного возраста (4 мес) и пола (самцы) получали нормокалорийную диету. У каждого животного была произведена морфометрия, исследованы биохимические показатели сыворотки крови, проведён ПЦР-анализ экспрессии мРНК нейропептидов и рецепторов в гипоталамусе. Фекальные пробы мышей были исследованы при помощи 16S рРНК секвенирования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>У самцов мышей линий с полногеномным нарушениями на фоне нормокалорийной диеты развивались ожирение и изменения углеводного и липидного обмена, в большей степени выраженные в группе Ay. Животные подлинии Ay отличались большей массой тела и печени, повышенным содержанием глюкозы и лептина в плазме, увеличенной экспрессией нейропептида Y, проопиомеланокортина и рецептора сладкого вкуса <italic>tas1r3. </italic>У всех животных с МС микробиом отличался от контрольной группы меньшей представленностью семейства <italic>Muribaculaceae </italic>и рода<italic> Akkermansia </italic>и увеличением процентного содержания филума <italic>Bacteroidota </italic>(родов <italic>Alistipes, Odoribacter</italic> и <italic>Bacteroides</italic>)<italic>. </italic>Отличительной особенностью микробиома<italic> </italic>Ay<italic> </italic>было увеличение процентного содержания семейств<italic> Enterobacteriaceae </italic>и<italic> Oscillospiraceae</italic> (<italic>Ruminococcaceae</italic>).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Выявлены особенности микробиома кишечника, характерные для инбредных животных с различными по тяжести нарушениями энергетического обмена. Подробно охарактеризованные по морфофизиологическим параметрам и составу микробиоты инбредные мыши могут быть использованы для изучения патогенеза МС с учётом роли кишечного микробиоценоза для разработки методов прогнозирования тяжести течения и коррекции дисбиотических нарушений, возникающих на фоне нарушений пищеварения, нейроэндокринных процессов, углеводного и липидного обменов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd><kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd><kwd>KK.Cg-Ay/a</kwd><kwd>KK.Cg-a/a</kwd><kwd>C57BL6/J</kwd><kwd>glucose</kwd><kwd>leptin</kwd><kwd>neuropeptides</kwd><kwd>sweet taste receptors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>метаболический синдром</kwd><kwd>KK.Cg-Ay/a</kwd><kwd>KK.Cg-a/a</kwd><kwd>C57BL6/J</kwd><kwd>глюкоза</kwd><kwd>лептин</kwd><kwd>нейропептиды</kwd><kwd>рецепторы сладкого вкуса</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>1021062411784-3-3.1.8</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was supported by the State funding allocated to the Pavlov Institute of Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences No. 1021062411784-3-3.1.8.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана средствами федерального бюджета, государственное задание ФГБУН «Институт физиологии им. И.П. Павлова РАН» № 1021062411784-3-3.1.8.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Neeland I.J., Lim S., Tchernof A., et al. Metabolic syndrome. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2024;10(1):77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-024-00563-5 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/djygnx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Бабенко А.Ю., Балукова Е.В., Барышникова Н.В. и др. Метаболический синдром. СПб.;2020. Babenko A.Yu., Balukova E.V., Baryshnikova N.V., et al. Metabolic Syndrome. St. Petersburg;2020. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ffcsud</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Tilg H., Moschen A.R. Microbiota and diabetes: an evolving relationship. Gut. 2014;63(9):1513–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-306928</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Prince Y., Davison G.M., Davids S.F.G., et al. The relationship between the oral microbiota and metabolic syndrome. Biomedicines. 2022;11(1):3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010003 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ccrcic</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ren Q., Cui C., Peng Y., et al. Causal relationship between gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2025;104(17):e42179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000042179 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/prqdij</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Баранова А.Н., Глушко О.Н., Васильева В.П. и др. Взаимосвязь метаболического синдрома и кишечной микробиоты: обзор литературы. Медицинский совет. 2024;18(15):232–40. Baranova A.N., Glushko O.N., Vasilyeva V.P., et al. Medical Council. 2024;18(15):232–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2024-407 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/djfymx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Hildebrandt M.A., Hoffmann C., Sherrill-Mix S.A., et al. High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(5):1716-24.e242. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.08.042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>de Clercq N.C., Groen A.K, Romijn J.A., Nieuwdorp M. Gut microbiota in obesity and undernutrition. Adv. Nutr. 2016;7(6):1080–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012914 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ywtbfd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Pinart M., Dötsch A., Schlicht K., et al. Gut microbiome composition in obese and non-obese persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2021;14(1):12. OI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010012 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/fpkfjt</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Nguyen T.L., Vieira-Silva S., Liston A., Raes J. How informative is the mouse for human gut microbiota research?. Dis. Model. Mech. 2015;8(1):1–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.017400</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Mazen I., Amr K., Tantawy S., et al. A novel mutation in the leptin gene (W121X) in an Egyptian family. Mol. Genet. Metab. Rep. 2014;1:474–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymgmr.2014.10.002 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wqzuhj</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Ruperez C., Madeo F., de Cabo R., et al. Obesity accelerates cardiovascular ageing. Eur. Heart. J. 2025;46(23):2161–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf216 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ogxcyx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Chowdhury N.N., Surowiec R.K., Kohler R.K., et al. Metabolic and skeletal characterization of the KK/Ay mouse model-a polygenic mutation model of obese type 2 diabetes. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2024;114(6):638–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-024-01216-1 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zudtgk</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Золотарев В.А., Муровец В.О., Новикова Н.С. и др. Влияние Hafnia alvei на морфофизиологические показатели и микробиоту кишечника мышей с наследственным сахарным диабетом 2-го типа. Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2024;177(3):298–303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47056/0365-9615-2024-177-3-298-303 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vvdccb Zolotarev V.A., Murovets V.O., Novikova N.S., et al. Effect of Hafnia alvei on morphophysiologic parameters and gut microbiota of mice with inherited type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 2024;177(3):313–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-024-06180-2 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/koynsl</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Percie du Sert N., Ahluwalia A., Alam S., et al. Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. PLoS Biol. 2020;18(7):e3000411. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000411 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jlsrkd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Данченко Е.О., Чиркин А.А. Новый методический подход к определению концентрации гликогена в тканях и некоторые комментарии по интерпретации результатов. Судебно-медицинская экспертиза. 2010;53(3):25–8. Danchenko E.O., Chirkin A.A. A new approach to the determination of glycogen concentration in various tissues and comments on the interpretation of its results. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2010;53(3):25–8. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ohqcbv</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Suvorov A., Karaseva A., Kotyleva M., et al. Autoprobiotics as an approach for restoration of personalised microbiota. Front. Microbiol. 2018;9:1869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01869 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/fozcfq</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Kruskal J.B. Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika. 1964;29(1):1-27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02289565 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dnkqig</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Low A., Soh M., Miyake S., Seedorf H. Host age prediction from fecal microbiota composition in male C57BL/6J mice. Microbiol. Spectr. 2022;10(3):e0073522. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00735-22 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ylbele</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Gutiérrez-Juárez R., Obici S., Rossetti L. Melanocortin-independent effects of leptin on hepatic glucose fluxes. J. Biol. Chem. 2004;279(48):49704–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M408665200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Deem J.D., Faber C.L., Morton G.J. AgRP neurons: Regulators of feeding, energy expenditure, and behavior. FEBS J. 2022;289(8):2362–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16176 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/crjmyo</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Муровец В.О., Созонтов Е.А., Золотарев В.А. Участие рецепторов семейства T1R, экспрессирующихся за пределами ротовой полости, в регуляции метаболизма. Успехи физиологических наук. 2024;55(4):91–112. Murovets V.O., Sozontov E.A., Zolotarev V.A. The involvement of T1R family receptors expressed outside the oral cavity in the regulation of metabolism. Progress in Physiological Science. 2024;55(4):91–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31857/S0301179824040052 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ahaewk</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Murovets V., Oukina E.A., Zolotarev V.A. Sweet taste: from reception to perception. Neurosci. Behav. Physi. 2024;54:793–808. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-024-01658-y EDN: https://elibrary.ru/rnhgwq</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Лукина Е.А., Муровец В.О. Вкусовая чувствительность к сладкому у мышей с наследственной гипергликимией. Интегративная физиология. 2025;6(3):295–306. В печати. Lukina E.A., Murovets V.O. Taste perception of sweetness in mice with hereditary hyperglycemia. Integrative Physiology. 2025;6(3)295–306. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33910/2687-1270-2025-6-3-295-306 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/mitlgq</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Macchione I.G., Lopetuso L.R., Ianiro G., et al. Akkermansia muciniphila: key player in metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2019;23(18):8075–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_201909_19024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Chung Y.W., Gwak H.J., Moon S., et al. Functional dynamics of bacterial species in the mouse gut microbiome revealed by metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0227886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227886 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/flqgml</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Lagkouvardos I., Lesker T.R., Hitch T.C.A., et al. Sequence and cultivation study of Muribaculaceae reveals novel species, host preference, and functional potential of this yet undescribed family. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-019-0637-2 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jwhazq</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Y., Chen B., Zhang X., et al. Exploration of the Muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: diversity, metabolism, and function. Nutrients. 2024;16(16):2660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162660 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vmdhcp</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Hasan R., Bose S., Roy R., et al. Tumor tissue-specific bacterial biomarker panel for colorectal cancer: Bacteroides massiliensis, Alistipes species, Alistipes onderdonkii, Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, Corynebacterium appendicis. Arch. Microbiol. 2022;204(6):348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-022-02954-2 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/pvvwht</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Han N., Chang H.J., Yeo H.Y., et al. Association of gut microbiome with immune microenvironment in surgically treated colorectal cancer patients. Pathology. 2024;56(4):528–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2024.01.010 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wyhaak</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Feng Q., Liang S., Jia H., et al. Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Nat. Commun. 2015;6:6528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7528</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Fu J., Li G., Li X., et al. Gut commensal Alistipes as a potential pathogenic factor in colorectal cancer. Discov. Oncol. 2024;15(1):473. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-024-01393-3 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ddsrkc</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Li J., Xu J., Guo X., et al. Odoribacter splanchnicus – a next-generation probiotic candidate. Microorganisms. 2025;13(4):815. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040815 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/gcrgiw</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Lin X., Xu M., Lan R., et al. Gut commensal Alistipes shahii improves experimental colitis in mice with reduced intestinal epithelial damage and cytokine secretion. mSystems. 2025;10(3):e0160724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.01607-24 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dmqzst</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Shao L., Ling Z., Chen D., et al. Disorganized gut microbiome contributed to liver cirrhosis progression: a meta-omics-based study. Front. Microbiol. 2018;9:3166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Sung C.M., Lin Y.F., Chen K.F., et al. Predicting clinical outcomes of cirrhosis patients with hepatic encephalopathy from the fecal microbiome. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019;8(2):301–18.e2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.008 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/icpiqu</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Cuevas-Sierra A., Higuera-Gómez A., de Cuevillas B., et al. Disease-specific crosstalk of Alistipes with lipoprotein profiles in overweight individuals at high cardiometabolic risk. Sci. Rep. 2026;16(1):8998. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-36024-0 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/cgvrlm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Xu Y., Liu L., Wang T., et al. Alistipes indistinctus with potential probiotic characteristics prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal barrier injury. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness. 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26599/FSHW.2026.9250957 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wutncz</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Sato Y., Atarashi K., Plichta D.R., et al. Novel bile acid biosynthetic pathways are enriched in the microbiome of centenarians. Nature. 2021;599(7885):458–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03832-5 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/czlfjh</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Zafar H., Saier M.H. Jr. Gut Bacteroides species in health and disease. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1848158 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yammzr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Zhong H., Ren H., Lu Y., et al. Distinct gut metagenomics and metaproteomics signatures in prediabetics and treatment-naïve type 2 diabetics. EBioMedicine. 2019;47:373–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Shih C.T., Yeh Y.T., Lin C.C., et al. Akkermansia muciniphila is negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c in refractory diabetes. Microorganisms. 2020;8(9):1360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8091360 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/mmetfg</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Wang T.Y., Zhang X.Q., Chen A.L., et al. A comparative study of microbial community and functions of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity and healthy people. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020;104(16):7143–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10689-7 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/mttjtl</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Алферова Л.С., Ермоленко Е.И., Черникова А.Т. и др. Аутопробиотические энтерококки как компонент комплексной терапии метаболического синдрома. Российский журнал персонализированной медицины. 2022;2(6):98–114. Alferova L.S., Ermolenko E.I., Chernikova A.T., et al. Autoprobiotic enterococci as a component of complex therapy of metabolic syndrome. Russian Journal for Personalized Medicine. 2022;2(6):98–114. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dtjnoz</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang S., Wang J., Guan X., et al. Low-grade inflammation score (INFLA- score) associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in shift workers. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2025;17(1):381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-025-01850-1 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ehvlyb</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Vallianou N.G., Stratigou T., Tsagarakis S. Microbiome and diabetes: Where are we now? Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2018;146:111–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2018.10.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>St Rose K., Yan J., Xu F., et al. Mouse model of NASH that replicates key features of the human disease and progresses to fibrosis stage 3. Hepatol. Commun. 2022;6(10):2676–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.2035 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/qqmhzl</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Mountjoy K.G., Mortrud M.T., Low M.J., et al. Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol. Endocrinol. 1994;8(10):1298–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.8.10.7854347</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Panaro B.L., Tough I.R., Engelstoft M.S., et al. The melanocortin-4 receptor is expressed in enteroendocrine L cells and regulates the release of peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide 1 in vivo. Cell Metab. 2014;20(6):1018–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2014.10.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Tatro J.B. Receptor biology of the melanocortins, a family of neuroimmunomodulatory peptides. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1996;3(5):259–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000097281</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
