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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19144</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-875</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YHBSLO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Application of flow cytometry for rapid and precise quantification of <italic>Candida albicans</italic> cells in samples</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Применение проточной цитометрии для быстрого и точного количественного определения живых клеток <italic>Candida albicans</italic> в образцах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8506-2339</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tukhvatulin</surname><given-names>Amir I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тухватулин</surname><given-names>Амир Ильдарович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of mycoplasmas and L-form bacteria</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. микоплазм и L-форм бактерий</p></bio><email>amir_tuhvatulin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4110-3941</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Izhaeva</surname><given-names>Fatima M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ижаева</surname><given-names>Фатима Магометовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of cellular microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. клеточной микробиологии</p></bio><email>fatish-09@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1743-0798</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dzharullaeva</surname><given-names>Alina Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джаруллаева</surname><given-names>Алина Шахмировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of cellular microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. клеточной микробиологии</p></bio><email>dzharullaeva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7206-3594</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Ольга Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Assistant Professor, Head, Laboratory of genome analysis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, зав. лаб. анализа геномов</p></bio><email>olv550@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-0397</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kunda</surname><given-names>Marina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кунда</surname><given-names>Марина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of genome analysis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. анализа геномов</p></bio><email>markunda99@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0437-9404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermolova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермолова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of genome analysis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. анализа геномов</p></bio><email>aksenova16@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5361-870X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhova</surname><given-names>Natalya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжова</surname><given-names>Наталья Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of genome analysis</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. анализа геномов</p></bio><email>rynatalia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-0329</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Erokhova</surname><given-names>Alina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ерохова</surname><given-names>Алина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of cellular microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. клеточной микробиологии</p></bio><email>erohova.alina95@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-6581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Logunov</surname><given-names>Denis Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логунов</surname><given-names>Денис Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Academician of RAS, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>logunov@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почётного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>530</fpage><lpage>539</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-27"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Tukhvatulin A.I., Izhaeva F.M., Dzharullaeva A.S., Voronina O.L., Kunda M.S., Ermolova E.I., Ryzhova N.N., Erokhova A.S., Logunov D.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Тухватулин А.И., Ижаева Ф.М., Джаруллаева А.Ш., Воронина О.Л., Кунда М.С., Ермолова Е.И., Рыжова Н.Н., Ерохова А.С., Логунов Д.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tukhvatulin A.I., Izhaeva F.M., Dzharullaeva A.S., Voronina O.L., Kunda M.S., Ermolova E.I., Ryzhova N.N., Erokhova A.S., Logunov D.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тухватулин А.И., Ижаева Ф.М., Джаруллаева А.Ш., Воронина О.Л., Кунда М.С., Ермолова Е.И., Рыжова Н.Н., Ерохова А.С., Логунов Д.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19144">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19144</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Mycoses (fungal infections) represent a serious global health threat: more than 6.5 million severe invasive cases of such diseases are registered annually worldwide, accompanied by extremely high mortality (on average 68%). The high degree of threat determines the relevance of intensifying research into the mechanisms of fungal drug resistance, the pathogenesis of the fungal diseases, as well as the development of more effective therapeutic approaches. The implementation of methods that combine high analysis speed with accurate quantitative assessment of viable microorganisms is a key condition for obtaining reproducible research results both at the stage of culture preparation for <italic>in vivo</italic> infection modeling and when evaluating the efficacy of antifungal drugs.</p> <p><bold>Aim </bold>of this study was to develop and evaluate the application of flow cytometry for rapid quantification of microorganisms using <italic>Candida albicans</italic> fungi as an example, both in pure culture and in multicomponent samples, in comparison with the CFU counting method.</p> <p><bold>Materials and Methods.</bold> To model infection, female BALB/c mice were intravenously inoculated with <italic>C. albicans </italic>isolate GIMC100:CaMK2014SRP at doses of 0.5 × 10⁶, 1.0 × 10⁶, and 2.0 × 10⁶ CFU/animal. The number and viability of <italic>C. albicans</italic> cells were assessed by culture-based and flow cytometric methods using species-specific FITC-labeled antibodies and propidium iodide.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Flow cytometry allows rapid counting of <italic>C. albicans</italic> in samples, showing measurement accuracy comparable to the CFU counting method across a wide range of pathogen concentrations (from 100 to 1 million cells). The use of pathogen-specific fluorescently labeled antibodies and a viability dye makes it possible to reliably detect live <italic>C. albicans</italic> cells in samples regardless of the presence of impurities (debris, eukaryotic cells, dead <italic>C. albicans</italic> cells), without reducing counting accuracy.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Having no alternatives with similar characteristics, the proposed method appears to be highly demanded for the standardization of <italic>C. albicans</italic> samples for modeling candidiasis in laboratory animals. Furthermore, this method is seen as a promising alternative to the conventional method of CFU counting on solid nutrient media for determining the number of live <italic>C. albicans</italic> cells when analyzing biological samples or evaluating the efficacy of antifungal drugs in culture.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Микозы (грибковые инфекции) представляют собой серьёзную глобальную угрозу для здравоохранения: ежегодно в мире регистрируется свыше 6,5 млн тяжёлых инвазивных случаев таких заболеваний, сопровождающихся крайне высокой смертностью (в среднем 68%). Высокая степень угрозы определяет актуальность интенсификации изучения механизмов химиорезистентности грибов, патогенеза вызываемых ими заболеваний, а также разработки эффективных терапевтических подходов. Внедрение методов, сочетающих высокую скорость анализа с точностью количественной оценки жизнеспособных микроорганизмов, является ключевым условием получения воспроизводимых результатов исследований как на этапе подготовки культур для моделирования инфекции <italic>in vivo, </italic>так и при оценке эффективности антимикотиков.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> исследования — разработка и оценка применения метода проточной цитометрии для быстрого количественного определения микроорганизмов на примере грибов <italic>Candida albicans</italic> как в чистой культуре, так и в многокомпонентных образцах в сравнении с методом подсчёта КОЕ.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Для моделирования инфекции мышам-самкам BALB/c внутривенно вводили клетки изолята <italic>C. albicans </italic>GIMC100:CaMK2014SRP в дозах 0,5 × 10⁶, 1,0 × 10⁶ и 2,0 × 10⁶ КОЕ/животное. Количество и жизнеспособность клеток <italic>C. albicans</italic> оценивали культуральным методом и методом проточной цитометрии с использованием видоспецифичных FITC-меченных антител и йодида пропидия.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Метод проточной цитометрии позволяет проводить быстрый подсчёт <italic>C. albicans </italic>в образцах, показывая сравнимую с методом подсчёта КОЕ точность измерения в широком диапазоне концентрации патогена (от 100 до 1 млн клеток/мл). Применение патогенспецифических флуоресцентно меченных антител и витального красителя позволяет надёжно детектировать живые клетки <italic>C. albicans</italic> в образцах вне зависимости от наличия примесей (дебрис, эукариотические клетки, мёртвые клетки <italic>C. albicans</italic>), не уменьшая точность подсчёта.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Не имея альтернативы со сходными характеристиками, предложенный метод представляется крайне востребованным для стандартизации образцов <italic>C. albicans </italic>для моделирования кандидоза на лабораторных животных. Кроме того, данный метод может стать альтернативой общепринятым методам подсчёта КОЕ на плотных питательных средах для определения количества живых клеток <italic>C. albicans</italic> при анализе биологических образов или оценке эффективности антимикотических препаратов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mycoses</kwd><kwd>flow cytometry</kwd><kwd>CFU</kwd><kwd>Candida albicans</kwd><kwd>animal model</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микозы</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd><kwd>колониеобразующие единицы</kwd><kwd>Candida albicans</kwd><kwd>животная модель</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Brown G.D., Denning D.W., Gow N.A., et al. Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci. Transl. Med. 2012;4(165):165rv113. 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