Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyJournal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyЖурнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии0372-93112686-7613Central Research Institute for Epidemiology1913210.36233/0372-9311-848CNVMMZREVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleRotavirus infection: current state and prospects for control using RNA technologiesРотавирусная инфекция: современное состояние и перспективы борьбы с использованием РНК-технологийhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-2949-8837TorkunovaEkaterina V.ТоркуноваЕкатерина Владимировна
Russian Federation

junior researcher, Laboratory of immunology and prevention of viral infections, Department of virology and immunology named after academician A.A. Smorodintsev, postgraduate student, laboratory researcher, Immunobiotechnology and Gene Therapy Research Complex, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology

м. н. с. лаб. иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Смородинцева, аспирант, лаборант-исследователь научно-исследовательского комплекса «Иммунобиотехнология и генная терапия» Института биомедицинских систем и биотехнологий

torkunova2000@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6687-1720KashinaTatyana A.КашинаТатьяна Андреевна
Russian Federation

researcher, Laboratory of lipoproteins named after Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences A.N. Klimov, Department of molecular biology, genetics and fundamental medicine, postgraduate student, engineer, Graduate School of Biotechnology and Food Production, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology

н. с. лаб. липопротеинов им. акад. РАМН А.Н. Климова отдела молекулярной биологии, генетики и фундаментальной медицины, аспирант, инженер Высшей школы биотехнологии и пищевых производств Института биомедицинских систем и биотехнологий

tat.kashina@list.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-6187-2097RodionovaKristina N.РодионоваКристина Николаевна
Russian Federation

postgraduate student, laboratory researcher, Laboratory of immunology and prevention of viral infections, Department of virology and immunology named after academician A.A. Smorodintsev

аспирант, лаборант-исследователь лаб. иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Смородинцева

rkn0306@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-6085MatyushenkoVictoria A.МатюшенкоВиктория Аркадьевна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Laboratory of immunology and prevention of viral infections, Department of virology and immunology named after academician A.A. Smorodintsev

канд. биол. наук, н. с. лаб. иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Смородинцева

matyshenko@iemspb.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1391-7139VasinAndrey V.ВасинАндрей Викторович
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, Head, Laboratory of molecular biology of viruses

д-р биол. наук, проф. РАН, директор Института биомедицинских систем и биотехнологий, зав. отд. молекулярной биологии вирусов

vasin_av@spbstu.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1508Isakova-SivakIrina N.Исакова-СивакИрина Николаевна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy director for scientific work

д-р биол. наук, член-корр. РАН, зам. директора по научной работе

isakova.sivak@iemspb.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5130-3755BrodskaiaAleksandra V.БродскаяАлександра Валерьевна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Graduate School of Biomedical Systems and Technologies, Director, Immunobiotechnology and Gene Therapy Research Complex, Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnology, senior researcher, Laboratory of intracellular signaling and transport

канд. биол. наук, доцент Высшей школы биомедицинских систем и технологий, директор научно-исследовательского комплекса «Иммунобиотехнология и генная терапия» Института биомедицинских систем и биотехнологий, c. н. с лаб. внутриклеточного сигналинга и транспорта отд. молекулярной биологии вирусов

broskaya_av@spbstu.ruInstitute of Experimental MedicineФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic UniversityФГАОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого»Influenza Research Institute named after A.A. SmorodintsevФГБУ «Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева» Минздрава России1305202610321711891105202611052026Copyright ©; 2026, Torkunova E.V., Kashina T.A., Rodionova K.N., Matyushenko V.A., Vasin A.V., Isakova-Sivak I.N., Brodskaia A.V.Copyright ©; 2026, Торкунова Е.В., Кашина Т.А., Родионова К.Н., Матюшенко В.А., Васин А.В., Исакова-Сивак И.Н., Бродская А.В.2026Torkunova E.V., Kashina T.A., Rodionova K.N., Matyushenko V.A., Vasin A.V., Isakova-Sivak I.N., Brodskaia A.V.Торкунова Е.В., Кашина Т.А., Родионова К.Н., Матюшенко В.А., Васин А.В., Исакова-Сивак И.Н., Бродская А.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19132

Background. Rotavirus infection remains the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under 5 years of age, particularly in low-income countries. Existing live oral vaccines have reduced efficacy in regions with high infection rates, and there is no etiological treatment available. Consequently, new platforms are being actively investigated: mRNA vaccines (capable of overcoming maternal antibody interference) and RNA interference (allowing for direct suppression of viral replication).

The aim of this review is to systematize data on the molecular mechanisms of rotavirus replication and pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis, as well as to provide a comparative analysis of current vaccines and promising RNA technologies (mRNA vaccines, RNA interference) for the prevention and treatment of rotavirus infection.

Objectives: to describe the structure and replication of the virus, the epidemiological situation, and diagnostic methods; to evaluate existing vaccines; and to analyze two areas of RNA technology: mRNA vaccines, as prevention, and RNA interference, as therapy based on siRNA, miRNA, and lncRNA.

Conclusions. Conventional vaccines remain the foundation of mass vaccination programs, despite their limitations. mRNA vaccines (especially trivalent ones based on VP8*) induce durable humoral and cellular immunity in preclinical studies, overcoming maternal antibody interference. RNA interference (siRNA, miRNA) allows for direct suppression of viral replication. However, at present, no mRNA candidate vaccine has advanced to the clinical trial phase. Further research is needed to improve vaccine delivery systems and increase its thermal stability.

Актуальность. Ротавирусная инфекция остаётся ведущей причиной тяжёлого гастроэнтерита у детей до 5 лет, особенно в странах с низким уровнем дохода. Существующие живые оральные вакцины обладают сниженной эффективностью в регионах с высокой заболеваемостью ротавирусным гастроэнтеритом, а этиотропная терапия отсутствует. В связи с этим активно исследуются новые платформы для профилактики и терапии: мРНК-вакцины, способные преодолевать интерференцию материнских антител, и РНК-интерференция, которая позволяет напрямую подавлять репликацию вируса.

Цель обзора — систематизация данных о молекулярных механизмах репликации и патогенеза, эпидемиологии и диагностике ротавируса, а также сравнительный анализ современных вакцин и перспективных РНК-технологий (мРНК-вакцины, РНК-интерференция) для профилактики и терапии ротавирусной инфекции.

Задачи: охарактеризовать структуру и репродукцию вируса, эпидемиологическую ситуацию, методы диагностики, оценить существующие вакцины и проанализировать два направления РНК-технологий: мРНК-вакцины (профилактика) и РНК-интерференцию (терапия на основе siRNA, miRNA, lncRNA).

Выводы. Классические ротавирусные вакцины остаются основой массовой профилактики, несмотря на ограничения их применения. При этом мРНК-вакцины, в частности, трёхвалентные на основе VP8*, в доклинических исследованиях индуцируют стойкий гуморальный и клеточный иммунный ответ, преодолевая интерференцию материнских антител. РНК-интерференция позволяет напрямую подавлять репликацию вируса. Однако на данный момент ни один мРНК-кандидат не находится на фазе клинических испытаний. Требуются дальнейшие исследования, направленные на улучшение систем доставки, повышение термостабильности, безопасности и оценки соотношения «эффективность–безопасность–стоимость» в реальных эпидемиологических условиях.

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