Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyJournal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyЖурнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии0372-93112686-7613Central Research Institute for Epidemiology1911710.36233/0372-9311-857EWIWRAREVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleNorovirus GII.4 Sydney: origin and global distribution. A systematic reviewНоровирус GII.4 Sydney: происхождение и глобальное распространение. Систематический обзорhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1161-1344OparinaSvetlana V.ОпаринаСветлана Витальевна
Russian Federation

junior researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections

м. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций

svetlanochka.o@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-8029EpifanovaNatalia V.ЕпифановаНаталия Владимировна
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections

канд. биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций

epifanovanv@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3710-6648NovikovaNadezhda A.НовиковаНадежда Алексеевна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Head, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology of viral infections

д-р биол. наук, профессор, в. н. с., зав. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии вирусных инфекций

novikova_na@mail.ruAcademician I. N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and MicrobiologyФБУН «Нижегородский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. академика И.Н. Блохиной» Роспотребнадзора12072026103342043324042026Copyright ©; 2026, Oparina S.V., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A.Copyright ©; 2026, Опарина С.В., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А.2026Oparina S.V., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A.Опарина С.В., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19117

The emergence of the norovirus GII.4 Sydney variant in 2012 caused a significant worldwide increase in gastroenteritis outbreaks. The article focuses on the problem of the emergence and further spread of the norovirus GII.4 Sydney variant, which is still one of the leading causes of viral gastroenteritis, especially in young children. The review summarizes data from the modern scientific literature on the detection of norovirus GII.4 Sydney and its recombinant forms — GII.4 Sydney[P31], GII.4 Sydney[P4 New Orleans], GII.4 Sydney[P16] и GII.4 Sydney[P12] in various countries. This review presents a comparison of the amino acid composition of the antigenic epitopes in the main capsid protein (VP1). The analysis focuses on four recombinants of the Sydney variant and includes a comparison with other variants (Grimsby 1995, Farmington Hills 2002, Hunter 2004, Yerseke 2006a, Den Haag 2006b, New Orleans 2009).

Появление норовируса варианта GII.4 Sydney в 2012 г. привело к значительному увеличению числа вспышек гастроэнтерита во всём мире. Систематический обзор посвящён изучению проблемы возникновения и дальнейшего распространения норовируса варианта GII.4 Sydney, который до настоящего момента является одной из ведущих причин вирусного гастроэнтерита, особенно у детей младшего возраста. В обзоре обобщены данные современной научной литературы о выявлении на территории разных стран варианта GII.4 Sydney, его рекомбинантов: GII.4 Sydney[P31], GII.4 Sydney[P4 New Orleans], GII.4 Sydney[P16], GII.4 Sydney[P12]. Представлено сравнение аминокислотного состава антигенных эпитопов основного белка капсида (VP1) 4 рекомбинантов варианта Sydney, а также сопоставление с другими вариантами (Grimsby 1995, Farmington Hills 2002, Hunter 2004, Yerseke 2006a, Den Haag 2006b, New Orleans 2009).

systematic reviewSydneynorovirusGII.4GII.P31GII.P4 New OrleansGII.P16GII.P12систематический обзорSydneyноровирусGII.4GII.P31GII.P4 New OrleansGII.P16GII.P12White P.A. Evolution of norovirus. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2014;20(8):741–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12746 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ustmljZhang P., Hao C., Di X., et al. Global prevalence of norovirus gastroenteritis after emergence of the GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health. 2024;12:1373322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1373322 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dwekteFlynn T.G., Olortegui M.P., Kosek M.N. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2024;403(10429):862–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02037-8 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ghugpoParra G.I., Ford-Siltz L.A., Pilewski K.A., et al. Variable and conserved B cell epitopes of GII.4 human noroviruses. J. Virol. 2026;100(2):e0180425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01804-25 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/upymzqWang X., Liu W., Hu M., et al. Genetic diversity of norovirus in Shenzhen Based on continuous surveillance from 2016 to 2022. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2025;15:1593610. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1593610 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/afrxfzPrasad B.V.V., Atmar R.L., Ramani S., et al. Norovirus replication, host interactions and vaccine advances. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2025;23(6):385–401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-024-01144-9 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zkafdcTian Y., Du X., Gao H., et al. Norovirus molecular trends in Harbin preschoolers Post-NPI easing. J. Infect. Public Health. 2025; 18(5):102762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2025.102762 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/illgylCannon J.L., Barclay L., Collins N.R., et al. Genetic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States from 2013 to 2016 demonstrated emergence of novel GII.4 recombinant viruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2017;55(7):2208–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00455-17 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yfyharAyyar B.V., Apostol C.V., Dave J.J., et al. Functional diversity in GII.4 norovirus entry: HBGA binding and capsid clustering dynamics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2025;122(40):e2517493122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2517493122 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ezedesTohma K., Ford-Siltz L.A., Kendra J.A., Parra G.I. Dynamic immunodominance hierarchy of neutralizing antibody responses to evolving GII.4 noroviruses. Cell Rep. 2022;39(2):110689. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110689 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/klpqsiBull R.A., Hansman G.S., Clancy L.E., et al. Norovirus recombination in ORF1/ORF2 overlap. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2005;11(7): 1079–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1107.041273Chhabra P., de Graaf M., Parra G.I., et al. Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes. J. Gen. Virol. 2019;100(10). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/JGV.0.001318 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/setxpfKendra J.A., Tohma K., Parra G.I. Global and regional circulation trends of norovirus genotypes and recombinants, 1995–2019: A comprehensive review of sequences from public databases. Rev. Med. Virol. 2022;32(5):e2354. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2354 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/uuazmcCannon J.L., Bonifacio J., Fumian T.M., et al. Global trends in norovirus genotype distribution among medically attended children with acute gastroenteritis, 2020–2025. J. Clin. Virol. 2026;184:105949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2026.105949Талаев В.Ю., Бабайкина О.Н., Куркова Е.В. и др. Иммунный ответ на норовирусную инфекцию. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2025;15(5):809–25. Talayev V.Y., Babaykina O.N., Kurkova E.V., et al. Immune response to norovirus infection. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2025;15(5):809–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-IRT-17884 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/kbiigqParra G., Pilewski K., Ghosh A., et al. Structural and genetic analysis of neutralizing antibodies reveals mechanisms of GII.4 norovirus antigenic evolution. Res. Sq. 2026;rs.3.rs-9077120. Preprint. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9077120/v1Parra G.I., Tohma K., Ford-Siltz L.A., et al. Minimal antigenic evolution after a decade of norovirus GII.4 Sydney_2012 circulation in humans. J. Virol. 2023;97(2):e0171622. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01716-22 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jhnkfgChhabra P., Tully D.C., Mans J., et al. Emergence of novel norovirus GII.4 variant. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2024;30(1):163–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3001.231003 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/nxarlrTohma K., Landivar M., Ford-Siltz L.A., et al. Antigenic characterization of novel human norovirus GII.4 variants San Francisco 2017 and Hong Kong 2019. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2024;30(5): 1026–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3005.231694 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/lszodjChan M.C., Roy S., Bonifacio J., et al. Detection of norovirus variant GII.4 Hong Kong in Asia and Europe, 2017−2019. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2021;27(1):289–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2701.203351 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ypgiczBarclay L., Montmayeur A.M., Cannon J.L., et al. Molecular evolution and epidemiology of norovirus GII.4 viruses in the United States. J. Infect. Dis. 2025;232(4):933–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaf100 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/rckivhvan Beek J., Ambert-Balay K., Botteldoorn N., et al. Indications for worldwide increased norovirus activity associated with emergence of a new variant of Genotype II.4, late 2012. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(1):20345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.18.01.20345-enFonager J., Hindbæk L.S., Fischer T.K. Rapid emergence and antigenic diversification of the norovirus 2012 Sydney variant in Denmark, October to December, 2012. Euro Surveill. 2013; 18(9):20413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.18.09.20413-enGiammanco G.M., De Grazia S., Tummolo F., et al. Norovirus GII.4/Sydney/2012 in Italy, winter 2012–2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(8):1348–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1908.130619Allen D.J., Adams N.L., Aladin F., et al. Emergence of the GII-4 norovirus Sydney2012 strain in England, winter 2012–2013. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088978Bennett S., MacLean A., Miller R.S., et al. Increased norovirus activity in Scotland in 2012 is associated with the emergence of a new norovirus GII.4 variant. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(2):20349. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/ese.18.02.20349-enVega E., Barclay L., Gregoricus N., et al. Genotypic and epidemiologic trends of norovirus outbreaks in the United States, 2009 to 2013. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2014;52(1):147–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02680-13Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Emergence of new norovirus strain GII.4 Sydney – United States, 2012. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2013;62(3):55.Hasing M.E., Lee B.E., Preiksaitis J.K., et al. Emergence of a new norovirus GII.4 variant and changes in the historical biennial pattern of norovirus outbreak activity in Alberta, Canada, from 2008 to 2013. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2013;51(7):2204–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00663-13Chan M.C., Chan P.K. Complete genome sequence of a novel recombinant human norovirus genogroup II genotype 4 strain associated with an epidemic during summer of 2012 in Hong Kong. Genome Announc. 2013;1(1):e00140-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.00140-12Shen Z., Qian F., Li Y., et al. Novel norovirus GII.4 variant, Shanghai, China, 2012. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2013;19(8):1337–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1908.130026Ji L., Wu X., Yao W., et al. Rapid emergence of novel GII.4 sub-lineages noroviruses associated with outbreaks in Huzhou, China, 2008–2012. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082627 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/sspllbMai H., Jin M., Guo X.L., et al. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of norovirus GII.4 Sydney during winter 2012-13 in Beijing, China following its global emergence. PLoS One. 2013;8(8):e71483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071483Kim H.S., Hyun J., Kim H.S., et al. Emergence of GII.4 Sydney norovirus in South Korea during the winter of 2012–2013. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2013;23(11):1641–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1308.08053Park J.S., Lee S.G., Jin J.Y., et al. Complete nucleotide sequence analysis of the norovirus GII.4 Sydney variant in South Korea. Biomed Res. Int. 2015;2015:374637. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/374637Thongprachum A., Chan-it W., Khamrin P., et al. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus associated with gastroenteritis and emergence of norovirus GII.4 variant 2012 in Japanese pediatric patients. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2014;23:65–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.030Silva L.D., Rodrigues E.L., Lucena M.S., et al. Detection of the pandemic norovirus variant GII.4 Sydney 2012 in Rio Branco, state of Acre, northern Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz. 2013;108(8):1068–70. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/0074-0276130293Mans J., Murray T.Y., Taylor M.B. Novel norovirus recombinants detected in South Africa. Virol. J. 2014;11:168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-11-168Eden J.S., Tanaka M.M., Boni M.F., et al. Recombination within the pandemic norovirus GII.4 lineage. J. Virol. 2013; 87(11):6270–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03464-12Kim J.S., Kim H.S., Hyun J., et al. Molecular epidemiology of human norovirus in Korea in 2013. Biomed Res. Int. 2015;2015:468304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/468304 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ycrpbyLudwig-Begall L.F., Mauroy A., Thiry E. Norovirus recombinants: recurrent in the field, recalcitrant in the lab – a scoping review of recombination and recombinant types of noroviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 2018;99(8):970–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001103 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yjclrrBruggink L.D., Dunbar N.L., Marshall J.A. Emergence of GII.e as a major ORF 1 norovirus genotype and its associated ORF 2 GII.4 variant forms. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2014;22:157–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.025Morillo S.G., Luchs A., Cilli A., et al. Norovirus GII.Pe genotype: tracking a foodborne outbreak on a cruise ship through molecular epidemiology, Brazil, 2014. Food Environ. Virol. 2017;9(2): 142–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-016-9272-2 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yffaglAllen D.J., Trainor E., Callaghan A., et al. Early detection of epidemic GII-4 norovirus strains in UK and Malawi: Role of surveillance of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in anticipating global epidemics. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0146972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146972Eden J.S., Hewitt J., Lim K.L., et al. The emergence and evolution of the novel epidemic norovirus GII.4 variant Sydney 2012. Virology. 2014;450-451:106–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.005Hasing M.E., Hazes B., Lee B.E., et al. Detection and analysis of recombination in GII.4 norovirus strains causing gastroenteritis outbreaks in Alberta. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2014;27:181–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.016Bruggink L., Catton M., Marshall J. A norovirus intervariant GII.4 recombinant in Victoria, Australia, June 2016: The next epidemic variant? Euro Surveill. 2016;21(39):30353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.39.30353 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xuezwpDe Grazia S., Lanave G., Giammanco G.M., et al. Sentinel hospital-based surveillance for norovirus infection in children with gastroenteritis between 2015 and 2016 in Italy. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0208184. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208184 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yibnwwBidalot M., Théry L., Kaplon J., et al. Emergence of new recombinant noroviruses GII.P16-GII.4 and GII.p16-GII.2, France, winter 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(15):30508. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.15.30508Hasing M.E., Lee B.E., Qiu Y., et al. Changes in norovirus genotype diversity in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Alberta, Canada: 2012–2018. BMC Infect. Dis. 2019;19(1):177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3792-y EDN: https://elibrary.ru/qyjvalЖираковская Е.В., Тикунов А.Ю., Соколов С.Н. и др. Характеристика полногеномной последовательности рекомбинантного норовируса генотипа GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney_2012, выявленного в России. Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции. 2020;24(1):69–79. Zhirakovskaia E.V., Tikunov A.Y., Sokolov S.N., et al. Characterization of the complete genome sequence of the recombinant norovirus GII.P16/GII.4_Sydney_2012 revealed in Russia. Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding. 2020;24(1):69–79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ20.597 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/peogwfIritani N., Kaida A., Abe N., et al. Increase of GII.2 norovirus infections during the 2009–2010 season in Osaka City, Japan. J. Med. Virol. 2012;84(3):517–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23211Wang Y.H., Zhou D.J., Zhou X., et al. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in children and adults with acute gastroenteritis in Wuhan, China, 2007–2010. Arch. Virol. 2012;157(12): 2417–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1437-1 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/pjlirpThanusuwannasak T., Puenpa J., Chuchaona W., et al. Emergence of multiple norovirus strains in Thailand, 2015–2017. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2018;61:108–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.03.021 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yjcghzLiu L.T., Kuo T.Y., Wu C.Y., et al. Recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus, Taiwan, 2016. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2017;23(7):1180–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2307.170212 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/cldhqlNahar S., Afrad M.H., Matthijnssens J., et al. Novel intergenotype human norovirus recombinant GII.16/GII.3 in Bangladesh. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2013;20:325–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.021 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/sspkkdMedici M.C., Tummolo F., Martella V., et al. Novel recombinant GII.P16_GII.13 and GII.P16_GII.3 norovirus strains in Italy. Virus Res. 2014;188:142–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.005Lim K.L., Hewitt J., Sitabkhan A., et al. A multi-site study of norovirus molecular epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand, 2013–2014. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0145254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145254 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vlmosdChoi Y.S., Koo E.S., Kim M.S., et al. Re-emergence of a GII.4 norovirus Sydney 2012 variant equipped with GII.P16 RdRp and its predominance over novel variants of GII.17 in South Korea in 2016. Food Environ. Virol. 2017;9(2):168–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12560-017-9278-4 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ydoiwvXu J., Liu T., Wang H., Shen H. Intergenotype recombination among new norovirus GII.4 variants in the complete genome. Intervirology. 2018;60(4):138–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000484048Niendorf S., Jacobsen S., Faber M., et al. Steep rise in norovirus cases and emergence of a new recombinant strain GII.P16-GII.2, Germany, winter 2016. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(4):30447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30447 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yeogjsMedici M.C., Tummolo F., Martella V., et al. Emergence of novel recombinant GII.P16_GII.2 and GII. P16_GII.4 Sydney 2012 norovirus strains in Italy, winter 2016/2017. New Microbiol. 2018;41(1):71–2. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yiuyyhTohma K., Lepore C.J., Ford-Siltz L.A., Parra G.I. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that factors other than the capsid protein play a role in the epidemic potential of GII.2 norovirus. mSphere. 2017;2(3):e00187–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphereDirect.00187-17Barreira D.M.P.G., Fumian T.M., Tonini M.A.L., et al. Detection and molecular characterization of the novel recombinant norovirus GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney in southeastern Brazil in 2016. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189504 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vefnlbRuis C., Roy S., Brown J.R., et al. The emerging GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney 2012 norovirus lineage is circulating worldwide, arose by late-2014 and contains polymerase changes that may increase virus transmission. PLoS One. 2017;12(6):e0179572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179572Mizukoshi F., Nagasawa K., Doan Y.H., et al. Molecular evolution of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and capsid genes of human norovirus genotype GII.2 in Japan during 2004–2015. Front. Microbiol. 2017;8:705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00705Oparina S.V., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.V. Phylogenetic analysis of noroviruses based on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase GII.P16 gene sequences. Opera Med. Physiol. 2022;9(3):87–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2500-2295-2022-3-87-97 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dwlmhoMatsushima Y., Shimizu T., Ishikawa M., et al. Complete genome sequence of a recombinant GII.P16-GII.4 norovirus detected in Kawasaki City, Japan, in 2016. Genome Announc. 2016;4(5): e01099–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/genomeA.01099-16 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ywmbkzLun J.H., Hewitt J., Yan G.J.H., et al. Recombinant GII.P16/GII.4 Sydney 2012 was the dominant norovirus identified in Australia and New Zealand in 2017. Viruses. 2018;10(10):548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v10100548 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vtsxzbLindesmith L.C., Brewer-Jensen P.D., Mallory M.L., et al. Antigenic characterization of a novel recombinant GII.P16-GII.4 Sydney norovirus strain with minor sequence variation leading to antibody escape. J. Infect. Dis. 2018;217(7):1145–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix651 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/mdsmpjLi J., Zhang L., Zou W., et al. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genogroups among children in Hubei, China, 2017–2019. Virol. Sin. 2023;38(3):351–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2023.04.002 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/lrdzkfvan Beek J., de Graaf M., Al-Hello H., et al. Molecular surveillance of norovirus, 2005–16: an epidemiological analysis of data collected from the NoroNet network. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2018;18(5):545–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30059-8 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xxjadrInasaki N., Aoyagi Y., Morioka S., et al. A novel recombinant norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 strain detected from a food poisoning outbreak in the 2017-2018 season, Japan. Jpn J. Infect. Dis. 2019;72(1):64–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2018.286Государственный доклад «О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2017 году». М.;2018. State report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation in 2017». Moscow;2018.Государственный доклад «О состоянии санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия населения в Российской Федерации в 2020 году». М.;2021. State report «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation in 2020». Moscow;2021.Епифанова Н.В., Калашникова Н.А., Фомина С.Г. и др. Появление эпидемического варианта Sydney_2012 норовируса генотипа GII.4 в Нижнем Новгороде. В кн.: Покровский В.И., ред. Молекулярная диагностика. М.;2014: 393–4. Epifanova N.V., Kalashnikova N.A., Fomina S.G., et al. The appearance of the epidemic variant of Sydney_2012 norovirus genotype GII.4 in Nizhny Novgorod. In: Pokrovskii V.I., ed. Molecular Diagnostics. Moscow;2014:393–4. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vwmzofЕпифанова Н.В., Зверев В.В., Сашина Т.А. и др. Доминирование рекомбинантных норовирусов со специфичностью гена полимеразы GII.P16 в Нижнем Новгороде в 2016–17 годах. В кн.: Инфекционные болезни в современном мире: эволюция, текущие и будущие угрозы. Материалы X Ежегодного Всероссийского конгресса по инфекционным болезням с международным участием. М.;2018:69–70. Epifanova N.V., Zverev V.V., Sashina T.A., et al. The dominance of recombinant noroviruses with GII.P16 polymerase gene specificity in Nizhny Novgorod in 2016-17. In: Infectious Diseases in the Modern World: Evolution, Current and Future Threats. Proceedings of the X Annual All-Russian Congress on Infectious Diseases with International Participation. Moscow;2018:69–70. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yvwcosOparina S.V., Epifanova N.V., Kravchenko G.A. Analysis of variability in the GII.P4 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene of noroviruses. Opera Med. Physiol. 2024;11(4):40–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24412/2500-2295-2024-4-40-50 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vrifdwОпарина С.В. Молекулярно-генетическая характеристика редкого рекомбинанта норовируса GII.4 Sydney[P4 New Orleans]. В кн.: Современные проблемы эпидемиологии, микробиологии и гигиены. Материалы XVIII Всероссийской научно-практической конференции молодых ученых и специалистов Роспотребнадзора. Пермь;2026;2:188–94. Oparina S.V. Molecular and genetic characteristics of the rare recombinant norovirus GII.4 Sydney[P4 New Orleans]. In: Modern Problems of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Hygiene. Materials of the XVIII All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists of Rospotrebnadzor. Perm';2026;2:188–94.Опарина С.В., Епифанова Н.В., Новикова Н.А. Особенности циркуляции эпидемического варианта норовируса GII.4 Sydney на территории Нижегородской области. В кн.: Молекулярная диагностика и биобезопасность — 2023: сборник тезисов Конгресса с международным участием. М.;2023:127–8. Oparina S.V., Epifanova N.V., Novikova N.A. Features of the circulation of the epidemic variant of norovirus GII.4 Sydney in the Nizhny Novgorod region. In: Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety — 2023: Collection of Abstracts of the Congress with International Participation. Moscow;2023:127–8. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/fdfanwTohma K., Jacobsen S., Altmann B., et al. GII.17 norovirus re-emerged in the 2020s as a result of dynamic and adaptive evolutionary processes. Nat. Commun. 2025;16(1):11596. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-66279-6 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jzyleyDinu S., Oprea M., Iordache R.I., et al. Genome characterisation of norovirus GII.P17-GII.17 detected during a large gastroenteritis outbreak in Romania in 2021. Arch. Virol. 2023;168(4):116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-023-05741-6 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ojkbtcChhabra P., Wong S., Niendorf S., et al. Increased circulation of GII.17 noroviruses, six European countries and the United States, 2023 to 2024. Euro Surveill. 2024;29(39):2400625. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.S.2024.29.39.2400625 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vxdusvBarclay L., Vinjé J. Increasing predominance of norovirus GII.17 over GII.4, United States, 2022–2025. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2025; 31(7):1471–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3107.250524 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/fecdbzParra G.I., Tohma K., Ford-Siltz L.A., et al. The saga to monitor and control norovirus: the rise of GII.17. J. Gen. Virol. 2025; 106(6):002118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.002118 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/bvpmqiZheng W., Mu X., Wang S., et al. Increase of GII.17 norovirus infections during the 2024–2025 season in multiple cities, China. J. Med. Virol. 2026;98(3):e70858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.70858 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/tiralhAi J., Li Q., Xu K., et al. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of norovirus GII genogroups among pediatric patients in Beijing, China, during 2023–2024. Virol. J. 2025;22(1):310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-025-02927-z EDN: https://elibrary.ru/asnhkdЕпифанова Н.В., Опарина С.В., Новикова Н.А. Норовирусы: молекулярный мониторинг циркуляции. Нижний Новгород;2025. Epifanova N.V., Oparina S.V., Novikova N.A. Noroviruses: Molecular Monitoring of Circulation. Nizhnii Novgorod;2025. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zgsjvgEpifanova N.V., Oparina S.V., Morozova O.V., et al. Appearance and spread of norovirus genotype GII.17 subcluster C2 (Romania-2021 like) in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 2021–2023. Arch. Virol. 2025;170(8):167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-025-06356-9 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xjrbjnЕпифанова Н.В., Опарина С.В., Кашников А.Ю., Новикова Н.А. Эпидсезон норовирусной инфекции 2025/2026: доминирование генотипа GII.17[P17]. В кн.: Инфекционные болезни в современном мире: эволюция, текущие и будущие угрозы: Сборник трудов XVIII Ежегодного Всероссийского Конгресса по инфекционным болезням имени академика В.И. Покровского. М.;2026:56. Epifanova N.V., Oparina S.V., Kashnikov A.Yu., Novikova N.A. The epidemic season of norovirus infection 2025/2026: the dominance of genotype GII.17[P17]. In: Infectious Diseases in the Modern World: Evolution, Current and Future Threats: Proceedings of the XVIII Annual All-Russian Congress on Infectious Diseases named after Academician V.I. Pokrovsky. Moscow;2026:56. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/bwnkdcWang L., Ji L., Li H., et al. Early evolution and transmission of GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus in China. G3 (Bethesda). 2022;12(11): jkac250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/g3journal/jkac250 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ujoarfPark W.J., Kim B.J., Seo D.W., et al. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks in childcare centers and schools in South Korea in 2023. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2025;35:e2503025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.2503.03025 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jujopoEpifanova N.V., Sashina T.A., Morozova O.V., et al. An increase in prevalence of recombinant GII.3[P12] norovirus in sporadic acute diarrhea in children in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia, 2018–2021. Virus Genes. 2022;58(5):467–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-022-01919-3 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vhfldfFu J., Shen L., Li W., et al. Increased GII.3[P12] norovirus outbreaks and viral whole genome analysis in Beijing, China during 2021 and 2023. Gut Pathog. 2025;17(1):76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-025-00756-7 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/pxvtddMalta F.C., de Souza Mello M., Arantes I., et al. Emergence and predominance of GII.17[P17] noroviruses in Brazil, 2023–2024. Sci. Rep. 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-49730-6Епифанова Н.В., Опарина С.В., Сашина Т.А. и др. Филогеография норовируса генотипа GII.7[P7], доминировавшего в Нижегородской области в 2023–2024 гг. В кн.: Инфекционные болезни в современном мире: эволюция, текущие и будущие угрозы: Сборник трудов XVII Ежегодного Всероссийского Конгресса по инфекционным болезням имени академика В.И. Покровского. М.;2025:79. Epifanova N.V., Oparina S.V., Sashina T.A., et al. Phylogeography of norovirus genotype GII.7[P7], which dominated the Nizhny Novgorod region in 2023-2024. In: Infectious Diseases in the Modern World: Evolution, Current and Future Threats: Proceedings of the XVII Annual All-Russian Congress on Infectious Diseases named after Academician V.I. Pokrovsky. Moscow;2025:79. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wyybnuUshijima H., Hoque S.A., Akari Y., et al. Molecular evolution of GII.P31/GII.4_Sydney_2012 norovirus over a decade in a clinic in Japan. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25(7):3619. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073619 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zotfxqKhumela R., Kabue J.P., Moraes M.T.B., et al. Prevalence of human norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 [P31] between 2019 and 2021 among young children from rural communities in South Africa. Viruses. 2023;15(8):1682. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081682 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ubpfiqAo Y., Lu L., Xu J. Emergence of GII.4 Sydney[P16]-like norovirus-associated gastroenteritis, China, 2020–2022. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2023;29(9):1837–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2909.230383 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/bywfvgZhu X., Zhang P., Yan W., et al. A new wave of resurgence for GII.4 Sydney in Huzhou, particularly GII.4 Sydney[P16], between 2019 and 2023. BMC Infect. Dis. 2025;25(1):241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-10648-5 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/rpjbnyСапега Е.Ю., Бутакова Л.В., Зайцева Т.А. и др. Молекулярно-генетический анализ вспышечной заболеваемости в некоторых субъектах Дальневосточного Федерального Округа в период с 2021 по 2025 годы, вызванной норовирусами. Дальневосточный журнал инфекционной патологии. 2026;(52):14–24. Sapega E.Yu., Butakova L.V., Zaitseva T.A., et al. Molecular-genetic analysis of outbreaks caused by norovirus in several constituent entities of the Far Eastern federal district during 2021–2025. The Far Eastern Journal of Infectious Pathology. 2026;(52):14–24. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/aevlubLindesmith L.C., Beltramello M., Donaldson E.F., et al. Immunogenetic mechanisms driving norovirus GII.4 antigenic variation. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(5):e1002705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002705Hernandez J.M., Silva L.D., Sousa Junior E.C., et al. Evolutionary and molecular analysis of complete genome sequences of norovirus from Brazil: emerging recombinant strain GII.P16/GII.4. Front. Microbiol. 2020;11:1870. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.01870 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/hehgrkTohma K., Lepore C.J., Gao Y., et al. Population genomics of GII.4 noroviruses reveal complex diversification and new antigenic sites involved in the emergence of pandemic strains. mBio. 2019;10(5):e02202–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02202-19Landivar M., Tohma K., Pilewski K.A., et al. Highly variable antigenic site located at the apex of GII.4 norovirus capsid protein induces cross-reactive blocking antibodies in a variant-specific manner. J. Virol. 2025;99(7):e0065225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00652-25 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/bahzefTohma K., Ford-Siltz L.A., Kendra J.A., Parra G.I. Manipulation of immunodominant variable epitopes of norovirus capsid protein elicited cross-blocking antibodies to different GII.4 variants despite the low potency of the polyclonal sera. J. Virol. 2025;99(7):e0061125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00611-25 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/tquqbwGiammanco G.M., De Grazia S., Terio V., et al. Analysis of early strains of the norovirus pandemic variant GII.4 Sydney 2012 identifies mutations in adaptive sites of the capsid protein. Virology. 2014;450-451:355–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2013.12.007Niendorf S., Faber M., Tröger A., et al. Diversity of noroviruses throughout outbreaks in Germany 2018. Viruses. 2020;12(10):1157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v12101157 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/uzjauoBarclay L., Cannon J.L., Wikswo M.E., et al. Emerging novel GII.P16 noroviruses associated with multiple capsid genotypes. Viruses. 2019;11(6):535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v11060535 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/bnkuuqHasso-Agopsowicz M., Hwang A., Hollm-Delgado M.G., et al. Identifying WHO global priority endemic pathogens for vaccine research and development (R&D) using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA): an objective of the Immunization Agenda 2030. EBioMedicine. 2024;110:105424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105424 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dwdhng