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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19059</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-811</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">MQJOIK</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Identification and multiparametric ranking of candidate genes involved in hepatitis C virus entry and host immune response using bioinformatics methods</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Идентификация и мультипараметрическое ранжирование генов-кандидатов, участвующих в проникновении вируса гепатита С и иммунном ответе хозяина, с применением биоинформатических методов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1882-529X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anufrieva</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ануфриева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of virology and immunology of HIV infection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>kate.an21@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-8897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of virology and immunology of HIV infection, senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции, с. н. с. лаб. молекулярной иммунологии</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0078-9681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davydenko</surname><given-names>Vladimir S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давыденко</surname><given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of virology and immunology of HIV infection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции, аспирант</p></bio><email>vladimir_david@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-3674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchemelev</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щемелев</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), junior researcher, Laboratory of immunology and virology of HIV</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, м. н. с. лаб. вирусологии и иммунологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>tvildorm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-8799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>Areg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>Арег Артёмович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, RAS Full Member, Head, Laboratory of molecular immunology, Director, Head, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, зав. лаб. молекулярной иммунологии, директор, зав. каф. иммунологии</p></bio><email>totolian@pasteurorg.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First St. Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>190</fpage><lpage>204</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-17"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Anufrieva E.V., Ostankova Y.V., Davydenko V.S., Shchemelev A.N., Totolian A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Ануфриева Е.В., Останкова Ю.В., Давыденко В.С., Щемелев А.Н., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Anufrieva E.V., Ostankova Y.V., Davydenko V.S., Shchemelev A.N., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ануфриева Е.В., Останкова Ю.В., Давыденко В.С., Щемелев А.Н., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19059">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19059</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a significant public health concern. The application of existing antiviral agents is restricted by their high cost and the development of viral resistance, while vaccine development is impeded by the considerable genetic variability of HCV. The outcome of infection is largely determined by the host's genetic factors, which influence both the viral entry into the cell and the effectiveness of antiviral immunity. Identification of genetic determinants involved in these processes is essential for understanding pathogenesis and discovering novel therapeutic targets.</p> <p><bold>Objective.</bold> A comprehensive assessment of the potential involvement of candidate genes and their products in the pathogenesis of HCV infection at the stages of viral entry into the cell and the formation of the host immune response, based on an integrative analysis of gene expression, subcellular localization of their products, and participation in molecular pathways and biological processes.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> In this study, a comparative analysis of 35 most promising candidate genes was performed against five background genes (<italic>CD81</italic>, <italic>CLDN1</italic>, <italic>LDLR</italic>, <italic>OCLN</italic>, <italic>SCARB1</italic>) encoding key HCV entry receptors. To analyze biological mechanisms associated with priority genes, the FUMA GWAS platform was used in the functional mapping mode GENE2FUNC (https://fuma.ctglab.nl/gene2func). Evaluation of candidate genes included analysis of their expression profiles, subcellular localization of protein products, as well as involvement in molecular pathways and biological processes. A ranking scoring system was developed, based on point-based ranking, which allowed determining the significance of each candidate gene in the context of its potential involvement in HCV pathogenesis. The system includes sequential assessment by several independent criteria, the results of which are summed into a single score. The degree of association between candidate genes and background genes was assessed using the phi-correlation coefficient (φ) across categories of subcellular localization, molecular pathways, and biological processes.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Application of the developed scoring system identified 25 significant candidate genes. The highest scores were obtained for genes involved in intercellular junction organization (<italic>CLDN3</italic>, <italic>CLDN5</italic>, <italic>CLDN12</italic>, <italic>ESAM</italic>, <italic>F11R</italic>, <italic>TJP1</italic>, <italic>TJP2</italic>) and lipid metabolism regulation (<italic>APOE</italic>, <italic>LDLRAP1</italic>). Enrichment of several candidate genes in immunological processes was revealed. A stable association of <italic>C3</italic> and <italic>CD19</italic> genes with immune process regulation was established, which is of particular interest in light of HCV's ability to infect mononuclear cells. The <italic>APOE</italic>, <italic>ITGB1</italic>, <italic>F11R</italic> genes demonstrated involvement in inflammatory and defense responses, while <italic>IFITM1</italic> was associated with response to cytokine stimulation.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> A group of candidate genes potentially influencing HCV infection pathogenesis both at the viral entry stage and through immune modulation was identified. The obtained data expand understanding of virus-host interactions and justify the need for experimental validation of the identified genes as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Вирус гепатита C (ВГС) остаётся значимой проблемой здравоохранения. Применение существующих противовирусных препаратов ограничено их высокой стоимостью и развитием резистентности вируса, тогда как создание вакцины осложнено значительным генетическим разнообразием ВГС. Исход инфекции во многом определяется генетическими факторами хозяина, влияющими как на проникновение вируса в клетку, так и на эффективность противовирусного иммунитета. Выявление генетических детерминант, участвующих в этих процессах, необходимо для понимания патогенеза и поиска новых терапевтических мишеней.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — комплексная оценка потенциальной вовлечённости генов-кандидатов и их продуктов в патогенез ВГС-инфекции на этапах проникновения вируса в клетку и формирования иммунного ответа хозяина на основе интегративного анализа экспрессии генов, локализации их продуктов на клеточном уровне и участия в молекулярных путях и биологических процессах.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В ходе исследования проведён сравнительный анализ 35 наиболее перспективных генов-кандидатов с 5 фоновыми генами (<italic>CD81</italic>, <italic>CLDN1</italic>, <italic>LDLR</italic>, <italic>OCLN</italic>, <italic>SCARB1</italic>), кодирующими ключевые рецепторы проникновения ВГС. Для анализа биологических механизмов, ассоциированных с приоритетными генами, применяли программу FUMA GWAS в режиме функционального картографирования GENE2FUNC (https://fuma.ctglab.nl/gene2func). Оценка генов-кандидатов включала анализ их экспрессионных профилей, субклеточной локализации белковых продуктов, а также вовлечённости в молекулярные пути и биологические процессы. В ходе исследования была разработана ранговая система оценки, построенная на балльном ранжировании и позволившая определить значимость каждого гена-кандидата в контексте его потенциального участия в патогенезе ВГС. Система включает последовательную оценку по нескольким независимым критериям, результаты которых суммируются в единый балл. Степень ассоциации между генами-кандидатами и фоновыми генами оценивали с помощью коэффициента корреляции φ по категориям субклеточной локализации, молекулярных путей и биологических процессов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Применение разработанной системы балльного ранжирования позволило идентифицировать 25 значимых генов-кандидатов. Наивысшие балы получили гены, вовлечённые в организацию межклеточных контактов (<italic>CLDN3</italic>, <italic>CLDN5</italic>, <italic>CLDN12</italic>, <italic>ESAM</italic>, <italic>F11R</italic>, <italic>TJP1</italic>, <italic>TJP2</italic>) и регуляцию липидного метаболизма (<italic>APOE</italic>, <italic>LDLRAP1</italic>). Выявлено обогащение ряда генов-кандидатов в иммунологических процессах. Установлена устойчивая ассоциация генов <italic>C3</italic> и <italic>CD19</italic> с регуляцией иммунных процессов, что представляет особый интерес в свете способности ВГС инфицировать мононуклеарные клетки. Гены <italic>APOE</italic>, <italic>ITGB1</italic>, <italic>F11R</italic> продемонстрировали вовлечённость в воспалительный и защитный ответы, тогда как <italic>IFITM1</italic> ассоциирован с ответом на цитокиновую стимуляцию.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Идентифицирована группа генов-кандидатов, способных влиять на патогенез ВГС-инфекции как на этапе проникновения вируса, так и через модуляцию иммунитета. Полученные данные расширяют представление о взаимодействии в системе «вирус–хозяин» и обосновывают необходимость экспериментальной валидации выявленных генов в качестве потенциальных биомаркеров и терапевтических мишеней.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatitis C virus (HCV)</kwd><kwd>disease pathogenesis</kwd><kwd>virus-host interaction</kwd><kwd>protein-protein interactions</kwd><kwd>candidate genes</kwd><kwd>in silico</kwd><kwd>CD81</kwd><kwd>CLDN1</kwd><kwd>LDLR</kwd><kwd>OCLN</kwd><kwd>SCARB1</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита С</kwd><kwd>патогенез заболевания</kwd><kwd>взаимодействие вирус–хозяин</kwd><kwd>белок-белковые взаимодействия</kwd><kwd>гены-кандидаты</kwd><kwd>in silico</kwd><kwd>CD81</kwd><kwd>CLDN1</kwd><kwd>LDLR</kwd><kwd>OCLN</kwd><kwd>SCARB1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Valutite D., Ostankova Y., Semenov A., et al. 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