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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19048</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-810</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CJFEPA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">HIV-1 genetic variants and transmitted drug resistance among recent infected individuals in Krasnodar Region, 2014-2022</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ генетических вариантов и передаваемой лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ-1 среди лиц с недавним заражением, выявленных на территории Краснодарского края в период 2014-2022 гг.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-8021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlykova</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шлыкова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Вениаминовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>scientific researcher, HIV Diagnostic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>научный сотрудник, лаборатория диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>murzakova_a@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2733-6663</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Syrkina</surname><given-names>Arina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сыркина</surname><given-names>Арина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior scientific researcher, HIV Diagnostic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник, лаборатория диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>syrkina@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-0138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichenko</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириченко</surname><given-names>Алина Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior scientific researcher, HIV Diagnostic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>kirichenko@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-1415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapovok</surname><given-names>Ilya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаповок</surname><given-names>Илья Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior scientific researcher, HIV Diagnostic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник, лаборатория диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>lapovok@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-4229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shemshura</surname><given-names>Andrey B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шемшура</surname><given-names>Андрей Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), head of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory;</p> <p>associate professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий клинико-диагностической лабораторией;</p> <p>доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>shemsh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-9614</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>Pavel V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедев</surname><given-names>Павел Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), deputy head of the Epidemiological Department;</p> <p>associate professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, заместитель главного врача по эпидемиологическим вопросам;</p> <p>доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии </p></bio><email>pavel.lebedev@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3631-5628</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nestyak</surname><given-names>Lyudmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нестяк</surname><given-names>Людмила Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>head of the Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заведующая клинико-диагностической лабораторией</p></bio><email>hoteleval@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3613-0060</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulagin</surname><given-names>Valery V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулагин</surname><given-names>Валерий Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), head of the Clinical Center;</p> <p>associate professor of the Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, главный врач;</p> <p>доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней и эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>aidskuban@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7896-2379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireev</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), head of HIV Diagnostic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, руководитель лаборатории диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>dmitry.kireev@pcr.ms</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-9044</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akimkin</surname><given-names>Vasily G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акимкин</surname><given-names>Василий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sci. (Med.), Prof., Full Member of RAS, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>vgakimkin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН Центральный НИИ эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Center of HIV/AIDS Treatment and Prevention of the Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Клинический центр профилактики и борьбы со СПИД Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Кубанский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnodar City Polyclinic No. 16, Ministry of Health of Krasnodar Region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Городская поликлиника №16 города Краснодара Министерства здравоохранения Краснодарского края</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue-title xml:lang="en">Online First</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Online First</issue-title><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-18"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Shlykova A.V., Syrkina A.V., Kirichenko A.A., Lapovok I.A., Shemshura A.B., Lebedev P.V., Nestyak L.V., Kulagin V.V., Kireev D.E., Akimkin V.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Шлыкова А.В., Сыркина А.В., Кириченко А.А., Лаповок И.А., Шемшура А.Б., Лебедев П.В., Нестяк Л.В., Кулагин В.В., Киреев Д.Е., Акимкин В.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shlykova A.V., Syrkina A.V., Kirichenko A.A., Lapovok I.A., Shemshura A.B., Lebedev P.V., Nestyak L.V., Kulagin V.V., Kireev D.E., Akimkin V.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шлыкова А.В., Сыркина А.В., Кириченко А.А., Лаповок И.А., Шемшура А.Б., Лебедев П.В., Нестяк Л.В., Кулагин В.В., Киреев Д.Е., Акимкин В.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19048">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19048</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> HIV-1 drug resistance (DR) is a significant and ongoing public health problem at the present time. As access to antiretroviral therapy increases, the risk of developing transmitted DR also increases. DR testing within the first year after infection improve the accuracy of detecting drug-resistant HIV-1 variants.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of this study was to analyze HIV-1 genetic variants and transmitted DR among individuals with recent infection identified in the Krasnodar Region.</p> <p><bold>Materials and Methods.</bold> A sample of 295 patients was recruited; recent infection was confirmed with epidemiological information, laboratory evidence of seroconversion, and/or testing results using a specialized kit for estimating the approximate timing of HIV-1 infection. Nucleotide sequences of the HIV-1 genome fragment (positions 2253-3368) were obtained using population Sanger sequencing, the virus genetic variant was determined, and DR analysis was performed.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Sub-subtype A6 was dominant in the study sample (78.64%), with an increase in its proportion over time: 71,05% in 2014-2018 vs 83,43% in 2019-2022 (p = 0,0116). Surveillance DR mutations (SDRM) were detected in 29 patients (9,83%), with an upward trend: from 5,26% in 2014-2018 to 12,71% in 2019-2022 (p = 0,0365). Drug-resistant HIV-1 variants were detected in 49 patients (16,61%). DR to NNRTI was the most frequently recorded (13,22%), while DR to PI (2,03%) and NRTI (1,02%) was less common.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The results indicate a significant level of detection of HIV-1 transmitted DR among individuals with recent infection, which requires the adoption of appropriate measures within the framework of surveillance of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Лекарственная устойчивость (ЛУ) ВИЧ-1 на сегодняшний день является важной и уже постоянной проблемой общественного здравоохранения. По мере того, как увеличивается доступ к антиретровирусной терапии, риск развития передаваемой ЛУ также возрастает. Тестирование на ЛУ в течение первого года после заражения позволяет более точно оценить распространенность лекарственно-устойчивых вариантов (ЛУ-вариантов) ВИЧ-1.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> данного исследования был анализ генетических вариантов и передаваемой ЛУ ВИЧ-1 среди лиц с недавним заражением, выявленных на территории Краснодарского края.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Была сформирована выборка из 295 пациентов, факт недавнего заражения подтверждался на основании эпидемиологических данных, лабораторных признаков сероконверсии и/или результатов тестирования с помощью специализированной тест-системы для оценки примерных сроков заражения ВИЧ-1. С помощью популяционного секвенирования по Сэнгеру были получены нуклеотидные последовательности фрагмента генома ВИЧ-1 (позиции 2253-3369), определен генетический вариант вируса и проведен анализ ЛУ.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В исследуемой выборке доминировал суб-субтип А6 (78,64%), при этом было отмечено достоверное увеличение его доли с течением времени: 71,05% в 2014-2018 гг. против 83,44% в 2019-2022 гг. (p = 0,0116). Мутации, значимые для надзора за передаваемой ЛУ ВИЧ-1, были выявлены у 29 пациентов (9,83%), при этом была отмечена достоверная тенденция к росту частоты их выявления со временем: с 5,26% в 2014-2018 гг. до 12,71% в 2019-2022 гг. (p = 0,0365). У 49 пациентов (16,61%) был выявлен ЛУ-вариант ВИЧ-1. Наиболее часто регистрировалась ЛУ к препаратам класса ННИОТ (13,22%), реже – к препаратам классов ИП (2,03%) и НИОТ (1,02%).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о значительном уровне выявления передаваемой ЛУ ВИЧ-1 среди лиц с недавним заражением, что требует принятия соответствующих мер в рамках надзора за ЛУ-вариантами ВИЧ-1.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV-1</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>recent infection</kwd><kwd>duration of infection</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-1</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>недавнее заражение</kwd><kwd>давность инфицирования</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ladnaya, N.N. Epidemiological situation of infection caused by HIV in Russia in 2024 / N.N. Ladnaya, V.V. 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