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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">19029</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-709</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GWPBSG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of ESBL and MBL-producing <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> on <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>: assessing survival, reproductive fitness, chemotaxis behaviour, and gene expression</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние продуцирующих ESBL и MBL бактерий <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> на <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic>: оценка выживаемости, репродуктивной способности, хемотаксического поведения и экспрессии генов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9232-2784</contrib-id><name><surname>Nandan</surname><given-names>Janani</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.Sc. (medical microbiology), researcher, Department of microbiology, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук (медицинская микробиология), н. с. каф. микробиологии Института фундаментальных медицинских наук им. доктора A.L.M.</p></bio><email>jananinandan2014@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3369-2587</contrib-id><name><surname>Heamchandsaravanan</surname><given-names>Anandhakrishnan Rajaram</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>M.Sc. (medical microbiology), researcher, Department of microbiology, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>магистр наук (медицинская микробиология), н. с. каф. микробиологии Института фундаментальных медицинских наук им. доктора A.L.M.</p></bio><email>heamchand0314@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9055-0951</contrib-id><name><surname>Sharchil</surname><given-names>Charles</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Genetics), researcher, Department of genetics, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D. (генетика), н. с. каф. генетики Института фундаментальных медицинских наук им. доктора A.L.M.</p></bio><email>andrewchales@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8566-7415</contrib-id><name><surname>Ramachandran</surname><given-names>Vinu</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Genetics), researcher, Department of genetics, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D. (генетика), н. с. каф. генетики Института фундаментальных медицинских наук им. доктора A.L.M.</p></bio><email>vinutwin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5318-6513</contrib-id><name><surname>Perumal</surname><given-names>Damodharan</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Medical microbiology), Assistant Professor, Department of microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D. (медицинская микробиология), доцент, каф. микробиологии</p></bio><email>17damzz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4747-3799</contrib-id><name><surname>Balakrishnan</surname><given-names>Anandan</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Genetics), Assistant Professor, Department of genetics, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D. (генетика), доц. каф. генетики Института фундаментальных медицинских наук им. доктора A.L.M.</p></bio><email>anand_gem@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2866-4338</contrib-id><name><surname>Dhandapani</surname><given-names>Prabu</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D. (Medical microbiology), Assistant Professor and Head i/c, Department of microbiology, Dr. A.L.M. PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ph.D. (медицинская микробиология), доц. и исполняющий обязанности зав. каф. микробиологии Института фундаментальных медицинских наук им. доктора A.L.M.</p></bio><email>bruibms@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>University of Madras</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>Indira Medical College and Hospitals</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>675</fpage><lpage>682</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-22"><day>22</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Nandan J., Heamchandsaravanan A.R., Sharchil C., Ramachandran V., Perumal D., Balakrishnan A., Dhandapani P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Nandan J., Heamchandsaravanan A.R., Sharchil C., Ramachandran V., Perumal D., Balakrishnan A., Dhandapani P.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nandan J., Heamchandsaravanan A.R., Sharchil C., Ramachandran V., Perumal D., Balakrishnan A., Dhandapani P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Nandan J., Heamchandsaravanan A.R., Sharchil C., Ramachandran V., Perumal D., Balakrishnan A., Dhandapani P.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19029">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19029</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> is a key model for studying host–pathogen interactions. In our study, we explored the impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing strains of <italic>Pseudomonas</italic> <italic>aeruginosa</italic> on <italic>C. elegans</italic>, examining survival, reproductive fitness, chemotaxis behaviour, and gene expression. Both ESBL and MBL-producing <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> showed a slow killing phenotype in <italic>C. elegans</italic>, with prolonged gut colonization and reduced lifespan compared to worms fed <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> OP50.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold><italic>C. elegans</italic> N2 strain was exposed to ESBL/MBL-producing <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> strains, non-resistant <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, and <italic>E. coli</italic> OP50. Survival, reproductive fitness, chemotaxis, and gene expression of <italic>daf-16</italic> and <italic>age-1</italic> were analyzed via assays and qRT-PCR.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Resistant strains caused accelerated mortality, starting on day 2, while non-resistant strains had delayed mortality from day 5. This indicates that ESBL and MBL enzymes may boost <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>'s virulence. Worms exposed to these resistant strains had reduced fecundity, showing impaired reproductive fitness. Changes in chemotaxis behaviour suggested that virulence factors and quorum sensing might affect how worms seek food. Gene expression analysis revealed significant changes in <italic>daf-16</italic>, a gene involved in stress resistance and immunity, in response to ESBL and MBL strains. However, there were no significant differences in the expression of <italic>age-1</italic>, indicating other mechanisms at play besides insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>This study highlights the complex interactions between bacterial virulence, host survival, and reproductive behaviour. By exploring the effects of antibiotic resistance on <italic>C. elegans</italic>, we offer insights into the broader implications of antibiotic-resistant infections and potential strategies for managing them.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Нематода<bold> </bold><italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> является ключевой моделью для изучения взаимодействий между хозяином и патогеном. В нашем исследовании мы изучили влияние штаммов <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, продуцирующих расширенный спектр бета-лактамаз (ESBL) и металло-бета-лактамаз (MBL), на выживаемость, репродуктивную способность, хемотаксическое поведение и экспрессию генов<italic> C. elegans</italic>. Как ESBL-, так и MBL-продуцирующие штаммы <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> проявляли фенотип медленного убийства у <italic>C. elegans</italic> с продолжительной колонизацией кишечника и сокращённой продолжительностью жизни по сравнению с червями, питавшимися <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> OP50.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Штамм <italic>C. elegans</italic> N2 подвергали воздействию штаммов <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>, продуцирующих ESBL/MBL, нерезистентного штамма <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic> и <italic>E. coli</italic> OP50. Выживаемость, плодовитость, хемотаксис и экспрессия генов <italic>daf-16</italic> и <italic>age-1</italic> были проанализированы с помощью тестов и qRT-PCR.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Антибиотикорезистентные штаммы вызывали ускоренную смертность, начиная с 2-го дня, в то время как нерезистентные штаммы вызывали смертность позже, начиная с 5-го дня. Это указывает на то, что ферменты ESBL и MBL могут усиливать вирулентность <italic>P. aeruginosa</italic>. Черви, подвергшиеся воздействию антибиотикорезистентных штаммов, имели сниженную плодовитость, что указывает на ухудшение репродуктивной способности. Изменения в поведении хемотаксиса предполагали, что факторы вирулентности и кворум-сенсинг могут влиять на то, как черви ищут пищу. Анализ экспрессии генов выявил значительные изменения в гене <italic>daf-16</italic>, участвующем в сопротивляемости стрессу и иммунитете, в ответ на штаммы ESBL и MBL. Однако значительных различий в экспрессии <italic>age-1</italic> не было, что указывает на наличие других механизмов, помимо сигнальных путей инсулина/инсулиноподобного фактора роста.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Данное исследование подчёркивает сложные взаимодействия между вирулентностью бактерий, выживанием хозяев и репродуктивным поведением. Изучая влияние антибиотикорезистентности на <italic>C. elegans</italic>, мы предлагаем понимание более широких последствий инфекций, устойчивых к антибиотикам, и потенциальные стратегии их управления.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Caenorhabditis elegans</kwd><kwd>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</kwd><kwd>extended-spectrum beta-lactamase</kwd><kwd>metallo-beta-lactamase</kwd><kwd>аntimicrobial resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Caenorhabditis elegans</kwd><kwd>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</kwd><kwd>ESBL</kwd><kwd>MBL</kwd><kwd>антимикробная резистентность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sifri C.D., Begun J., Ausubel F.M. The worm has turned – microbial virulence modeled in Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends Microbiol. 2005;13(3):119–27. 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