Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyJournal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyЖурнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии0372-93112686-7613Central Research Institute for Epidemiology1902810.36233/0372-9311-680DVWQISREVIEWSОБЗОРЫReview ArticleStudying the immunopathogenesis of Ebola virus disease using flow cytometryОсобенности иммунопатогенеза болезни, вызываемой вирусом Эбола, изученные с использованием метода проточной цитометрииhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-9427BorisevichGalina V.БорисевичГалина Валентиновна
Russian Federation

Сand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher

канд. биол. наук, с. н. с.

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2309-3572OvchinnikovAleksander V.ОвчинниковАлександр Викторович
Russian Federation

Cand. Sci. (Tech.), senior researcher

канд. техн. наук, с. н. с.

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1245-9225KirillovaSvetlana L.КирилловаСветлана Леонидовна
Russian Federation

Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher

д-р биол. наук, в. н. с.

48cnii@mil.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-5662-6799TuravininaAnna S.ТуравининаАнна Сергеевна
Russian Federation

laboratory researche

лаборант-исследователь

48cnii@mil.ru48 Central Scientific Research InstituteФГБУ «48-й Центральный научно-исследовательский институт» Министерства обороны Российской Федерацииruen29122025202510266596742201202622012026Received:22012026Accepted:22012026Published:29122025Copyright ©; 2025, Borisevich G.V., Ovchinnikov A.V., Kirillova S.L., Turavinina A.S.Copyright ©; 2025, Борисевич Г.В., Овчинников А.В., Кириллова С.Л., Туравинина А.С.2025Borisevich G.V., Ovchinnikov A.V., Kirillova S.L., Turavinina A.S.Борисевич Г.В., Овчинников А.В., Кириллова С.Л., Туравинина А.С.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/19028

The Ebola virus disease (EVD) has posed a constant threat to public health since it was first identified in 1976. Flow cytometry (FC) is one of the leading methods for studying EVD.

The aim of this review is to examine the features of the immunopathogenesis of the EVD, the study of which has become possible thanks to the use of the FC method.

The use of FC and methods based on FC technology (Luminex xMAP, CyTOF) has revealed facts about the immunopathogenesis of EVD: cytotoxic lymphocytes play a leading role in protecting against infection; dendritic cells are an early target of Ebola virus (EV); elimination of NK cells at an early stage of the disease may be the reason for the host's inability to provide a sustained immune response; “evasion” of the virus from the immune response. Fatal outcomes in EVD are associated with an aberrant innate immune response and suppression of adaptive immunity. The immune response in this case is characterized by a “cytokine storm.” Immunosuppression in EVD is manifested by low levels of circulating cytokines and loss of peripheral T lymphocytes. The key factors for the outcome of the infection are the timing and kinetics of viral replication and the immune response. In those who have recovered from the disease, T-cell activation, proliferation, and the formation of specific antiviral cytotoxicity, cellular and humoral immunity, and immunological memory occur. It has been established that an effective criterion for assessing the antigen-specific T-cell immune response formed upon administration of vaccines against EVD is the proportion of multifunctional T-lymphocytes. The phosphatidylserine receptor TIM-1 plays a central role in the penetration of the virus into the body, its spread, and the development of a “cytokine storm.” Inhibition of intercellular transmission of EV depends on the host protein BST2/teperin/CD317. The flow cytometry method allows the detection of viral particles damaged during the production of the EVD vaccine. Issues related to sample preparation for FC of samples containing EV are discussed.

Using the capabilities of FC, it remains to be studied the innate and adaptive responses of the immune system related to the pathogenesis of the EVD at the level of the whole organism, cells, and molecules.

Вирус Эбола (ВЭ) представляет постоянную угрозу для общественного здравоохранения с момента своего первого выявления в 1976 г. Проточная цитометрия (ПЦ) является одним из ведущих методов изучения болезни, вызываемой ВЭ.

Цель обзора — рассмотреть особенности иммунопатогенеза болезни, вызываемой ВЭ, изучение которых стало возможным благодаря использованию метода ПЦ.

При применении ПЦ и методов, технологической платформой для которых стала ПЦ (Luminex xMAP, CyTOF), выявлены факты иммунопатогенеза болезни, вызываемой ВЭ: ведущая роль цитотоксических лимфоцитов в защите от инфекции; дендритные клетки являются ранней мишенью ВЭ; элиминация NK-клеток на ранней стадии заболевания может быть причиной неспособности организма хозяина обеспечить устойчивый иммунный ответ; «уклонение» вируса от иммунного ответа. Летальный исход при болезни, вызываемой ВЭ, связан с аберрантным врождённым иммунным ответом и подавлением адаптивного иммунитета. Для реакции иммунитета при этом характерен «цитокиновый шторм». Иммуносупрессия при болезни, вызываемой ВЭ, проявляется низким уровнем циркулирующих цитокинов и потерей периферических Т-лимфоцитов. Ключевыми моментами для исхода инфекции являются время и кинетика репликации вируса и иммунного ответа. У выздоровевших после перенесённой болезни происходит активация Т-клеток, их пролиферация и формирование специфической противовирусной цитотоксичности, клеточного и гуморального иммунитета и иммунологической памяти. Установлено, что эффективным критерием оценки антиген-специфичного Т-клеточного иммунного ответа, формирующегося при введении вакцин против ВЭ, является доля полифункциональных Т-лимфоцитов. Рецептор фосфатидилсерина TIM-1 играет центральную роль в проникновении вируса в организм, его распространении и развитии «цитокинового шторма». Ингибирование межклеточной передачи ВЭ зависит от белка хозяина BST2/тетерина/CD317. Метод проточной вирометрии позволяет обнаруживать повреждённые при производстве вакцины против ВЭ вирусные частицы. Освещены вопросы пробоподготовки для ПЦ образцов, содержащих ВЭ.

Используя возможности ПЦ, ещё предстоит изучить врождённые и адаптивные реакции иммунной системы, имеющие отношение к патогенезу заболевания, вызываемого ВЭ, на уровне целого организма, клеток и молекул.

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