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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18969</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-772</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CAMXOX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence and genotypic structure of mixed cultures of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> among patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis in St. Petersburg</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Распространённость и генотипическая структура смешанных культур <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> среди больных ВИЧ-ассоциированным туберкулёзом в Санкт-Петербурге</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5246-8658</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerasimova</surname><given-names>Alena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герасимова</surname><given-names>Алена Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>kantarelle@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9140-8957</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vyazovaya</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вязовая</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>annavyazovaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4642-6441</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mayskaya</surname><given-names>Marina Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Майская</surname><given-names>Марина Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), chief physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, главный врач</p></bio><email>pab@zdrav.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-0734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovieva</surname><given-names>Natalya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьева</surname><given-names>Наталья Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Laboratory of bacteriology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. бактериологической лаб.</p></bio><email>baclab@niif.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-9758</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Panteleev</surname><given-names>Alexander M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пантелеев</surname><given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, Saint Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology; chief physician, City Tuberculosis Dispensary</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, в. н. с. Санкт-Петербургского НИИ фтизиопульмонологии; главный врач Городского противотуберкулёзного диспансера</p></bio><email>alpanteleev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5924-0576</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrousov</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокроусов</surname><given-names>Игорь Владиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, зав. лаб. молекулярной эпидемиологии и эволюционной генетики</p></bio><email>imokrousov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Пастера» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Pathological Anatomical Bureau</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Городское патолого-анатомическое бюро»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт фтизиопульмонологии» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Tuberculosis Dispensary</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Городской противотуберкулёзный диспансер»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Gerasimova A.A., Vyazovaya A.A., Mayskaya M.Y., Solovieva N.S., Panteleev A.M., Mokrousov I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Герасимова А.А., Вязовая А.А., Майская М.Ю., Соловьева Н.С., Пантелеев А.М., Мокроусов И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gerasimova A.A., Vyazovaya A.A., Mayskaya M.Y., Solovieva N.S., Panteleev A.M., Mokrousov I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Герасимова А.А., Вязовая А.А., Майская М.Ю., Соловьева Н.С., Пантелеев А.М., Мокроусов И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18969">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18969</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The aim</bold> of the study was to assess the frequency of mixed infections caused by several strains (mixed culture) of <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> among patients with HIV-associated generalized tuberculosis in St. Petersburg, and to conduct a comparative analysis of the genotypic diversity of strains in mixed cultures and among “pure” cultures of the tuberculosis pathogen.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> A total of 173 <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> isolates obtained from autopsy specimens of 70 patients with HIV-associated generalized tuberculosis between 2012 and 2018 were analyzed. The Beijing genotype and its subtypes were determined using PCR and IS<italic>6110</italic>-RFLP typing. Non-Beijing isolates were spoligotyped, and their genetic families were identified using the international SITVIT2 database. Genotypic resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid was detected using the Amplitub-MDR-RV test system.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Mixed infections were detected in 15 of 70 patients with HIV-associated multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The same <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> genotypes—Beijing, LAM, Ural, Haarlem, and X—were identified in the mixed cultures as in the pure cultures. Beijing strains, primarily subtypes B0/W148 (60%) and CAR (53.3%), were detected in all mixed cultures. The proportions of B0/W148 and LAM strains were significantly higher among mixed cultures (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05). Strains from mixed cultures had more than one mutation in different codons in the <italic>rpoB</italic> gene. Mixed cultures were more common in patients serving sentences in penal institutions (<italic>p</italic> = 0.0007).</p> <p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> The proportion of mixed infections among patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis was 21.4%; all mixed cultures contained strains of the Beijing genotype. A history of imprisonment was a significant risk factor for developing mixed infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель </bold>исследования — оценить частоту смешанных инфекций, вызванных несколькими штаммами (микс-культурой) <italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> среди больных ВИЧ-ассоциированным генерализованным туберкулёзом (ТБ) в Санкт-Петербурге, а также провести сравнительный анализ генотипического разнообразия штаммов в составе микс-культур и среди «чистых» культур возбудителя ТБ.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Исследованы 173 изолята <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic>, выделенных из аутопсийного материала 70 больных ВИЧ-ассоциированным генерализованным ТБ в 2012–2018 гг. Принадлежность изолятов к генотипу Beijing, его субтипам определяли при помощи ПЦР и IS<italic>6110</italic>-RFLP-типирования. Изоляты non-Beijing были сполиготипированы, генетические семейства были установлены в соответствии с международной базой данных SITVIT2. Генотипическую устойчивость к рифампицину и изониазиду выявляли тест-системой «Амплитуб-МЛУ-РВ».</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> У 15 из 70 больных ВИЧ-ассоциированным ТБ с множественной лекарственной устойчивостью обнаружена микс-инфекция. В составе микс-культур определены те же генотипы <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> — Beijing, LAM, Ural, Haarlem и X, что и среди «чистых» культур. При этом штаммы Beijing, преимущественно субтипов B0/W148 (60%) и CAR (53,3%), выявлены в составе всех смешанных культур. Доли штаммов B0/W148 и LAM были значимо больше среди микс-культур (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0,05). У штаммов микс-культур в гене <italic>rpoB</italic> определялось более одной мутации в разных кодонах. Смешанные культуры чаще встречались у пациентов, отбывавших наказание в местах лишения свободы (<italic>p</italic> = 0,0007).</p> <p><bold>Выводы. </bold>Доля микс-инфицирования среди больных ВИЧ-ассоциированным ТБ составила 21,4%; все смешанные культуры содержали штаммы генотипа Beijing. Значимым фактором риска развития микс-инфекции являлось наличие в анамнезе пребывания в местах лишения свободы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>generalized tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>HIV infection</kwd><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>mixed strains</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</kwd><kwd>генерализованный туберкулёз</kwd><kwd>ВИЧ-инфекция</kwd><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>микс-культуры</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Niemann S., Richter E., Rusch-Gerdes S., et al. 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