<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18930</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-751</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JOPDQV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Impairment of influenza A virus reproduction <italic>in vivo</italic> with siRNA-induced silencing of the <italic>NXF1, PRPS1</italic> and <italic>NAA10</italic> cellular genes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нарушение репродукции вируса гриппа А <italic>in vivo</italic> при индуцированном малыми интерферирующими РНК сайленсинге клеточных генов <italic>NXF1, PRPS1</italic> и <italic>NAA10</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-4581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkov</surname><given-names>Evgenij A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашков</surname><given-names>Евгений Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), junior researcher, Laboratory of applied virology, Department of virology named after O.G. Andzhaparidze, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; senior lecturer, Microbiology, virology and immunology department named after acad. A.A. Vorobiev, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, F.F. Erisman Institute of Public Health, Sechenov University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, м. н. с. лаб. прикладной вирусологии отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова; старший преподаватель каф. микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Воробьева медико-профилактического факультета Института общественного здоровья им. Ф.Ф. Эрисмана Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>pashckov.j@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0392-9969</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkov</surname><given-names>George A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашков</surname><given-names>Георгий Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory assistant-researcher, Laboratory of opportunistic microorganisms, Microbiology department, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; student, Clinical institute of children health, Sechenov University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаб. условно-патогенных микроорганизмов отдела микробиологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова; студент Клинического института детского здоровья им. Н.Ф. Филатова Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>georgp2004@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8204-4899</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagieva</surname><given-names>Firaya G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагиева</surname><given-names>Фирая Галиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory of hybrid cell cultures, Department of virology named after O.G. Andzhaparidze</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, зав. лаб. гибридных клеточных культур отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе</p></bio><email>fgn42@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9029-9613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murzina</surname><given-names>Alena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурзина</surname><given-names>Алена Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory for epidemiological analysis and monitoring of infectious diseases, Microbiology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. эпидемиологического анализа и мониторинга инфекционных заболеваний отдела микробиологии</p></bio><email>alena_11_08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6630-4838</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Irina B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Ирина Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, Laboratory of therapeutic vaccines, Immunology and allergology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, в. н. с. лаб. терапевтических вакцин отдела иммунологии и аллергологии</p></bio><email>ibsemenova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8955-3570</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usatova</surname><given-names>Galina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усатова</surname><given-names>Галина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Microbiology, virology and immunology department named after acad. A.A. Vorobiev, F.F. Erisman Institute of Public Health</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доц. каф. микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Воробьева медико-профилактического факультета</p></bio><email>g.n.usatova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>Oxana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>Оксана Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Full member of RAS, Director, Head, Laboratory of molecular immunology, Immunology and Allergology department, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; Professor, Microbiology, virology and immunology department named after acad. A.A. Vorobiev, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, F.F. Erisman Institute of Public Health, Sechenov University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, акад. РАН, директор, зав. лаб. молекулярной иммунологии отдела иммунологии и аллергологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова; профессор каф. микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Воробьева медико-профилактического факультета Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-1892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Vitaliy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Виталий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Full member of RAS, Scientific Adviser, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera; Professor, Head, Microbiology, virology and immunology department named after acad. A.A. Vorobiev, F.F. Erisman Institute of Public Health, Sechenov University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, акад. РАН, научный руководитель НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова; профессор, зав. каф. микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии им. акад. А.А. Воробьева медико-профилактического факультета Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>vitalyzverev@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-18"><day>18</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Pashkov E.A., Pashkov G.A., Nagieva F.G., Murzina A.A., Semenova I.B., Usatova G.N., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Пашков Е.А., Пашков Г.А., Нагиева Ф.Г., Мурзина А.А., Семенова И.Б., Усатова Г.Н., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pashkov E.A., Pashkov G.A., Nagieva F.G., Murzina A.A., Semenova I.B., Usatova G.N., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пашков Е.А., Пашков Г.А., Нагиева Ф.Г., Мурзина А.А., Семенова И.Б., Усатова Г.Н., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18930">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18930</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Among infectious lesions of the upper respiratory tract and lungs, the leading positions are occupied by infections associated with the influenza A virus. The currently used means of prevention and therapy cannot completely prevent the spread of influenza among the population; therefore, it is necessary to search for fundamentally new approaches, the use of which will overcome the problem of high morbidity and drug resistance. Currently, the phenomenon of RNA interference (RNAi) is increasingly establishing itself as a powerful tool in the suppression of viral reproduction. Previously, it was believed that viral genes serve as a classic target for RNAi, however, given the high variability of the influenza A virus and its drug resistance, it is more logical to shift the focus to the use of host cellular factors necessary for viral reproduction as targets. This approach will have a number of advantages, such as multidirectionality against a wide range of taxonomic groups of viruses whose reproduction mechanism may be similar, rapid design of similar compounds against "emergent" viruses, as well as synergy with other antiviral agents.</p> <p><bold>The aim </bold>is to evaluate the anti-influenza effect of siRNAs targeting the <italic>NXF1</italic>, <italic>PRPS1</italic> and <italic>NAA10 </italic>cellular genes in an <italic>in vivo</italic> model.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The influenza A/California/7/09 (H1N1)pdm09 virus strain adapted to Balb/c laboratory mice, as well as the L929 and MDCK cell cultures, were used. The study was carried out using biological (infection of laboratory animals), molecular genetic (transfection, nucleic acid isolation, real-time polymerase chain reaction with reverse transcription) and virological methods (titration by visual cytopathic effect, assessment of viral titer using the Ramakrishnan method).</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>It was shown that siRNAs targeting the <italic>NXF1, PRPS1</italic> and <italic>NAA10 </italic>cellular genes, when used prophylactically in an <italic>in vivo</italic> model at a concentration of 1.5 nmol/μL, during infection with influenza virus strains A/California/7/09 (H1N1), at mouse semi-lethal doses (LD<sub>50</sub>), reduce viral replication to a level of 3.1 log10 TCID<sub>50</sub>/mL of cell medium, the amount of vRNA — to 3.2 log10 compared to the groups of non-specific and viral controls.</p> <p><bold>Conclusions. </bold>A decrease in the expression of the <italic>NXF1, PRPS1</italic> and <italic>NAA10</italic> genes leads to a disruption of the life cycle and activity of influenza viruses. This approach can potentially be studied and used for closely and distantly related representatives of other virus families.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Среди инфекционных поражений верхних дыхательных путей и лёгких лидирующие позиции занимают инфекции, ассоциированные с вирусом гриппа А. Используемые на сегодняшний день средства профилактики и терапии не могут полностью предотвратить распространение гриппа среди населения, следовательно, необходим поиск принципиально новых подходов, использование которых позволит преодолеть проблему высокой заболеваемости и лекарственной резистентности. Явление РНК-интерференции (РНКи) всё больше зарекомендовывает себя в качестве мощного инструмента в подавлении вирусной репродукции. Ранее считалось, что классической мишенью для РНКи служат вирусные гены, однако, учитывая высокую изменчивость вируса гриппа А и его лекарственную резистентность, логичнее сместить фокус на использование в качестве мишеней необходимых для вирусной репродукции клеточных факторов хозяина. Данный подход будет обладать рядом преимуществ: разнонаправленность против широкого спектра таксономических групп вирусов, чей механизм размножения может быть сходен; быстрый дизайн подобных соединений против «эмерджентных» вирусов; синергия с другими противовирусными средствами.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — оценка противогриппозного эффекта малых интерферирующих РНК (миРНК), направленных к клеточным генам <italic>NXF1</italic>, <italic>PRPS1 </italic>и <italic>NAA10</italic>, на модели <italic>in vivo.</italic></p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Использовали штамм вируса гриппа A/California/7/09 (H1N1)pdm09, адаптированный к лабораторным мышам породы Balb/c; клеточные культуры L929 и MDCK. Исследование выполняли посредством биологических (заражение лабораторных животных), молекулярно-генетических (трансфекция, выделение нуклеиновых кислот, полимеразная цепная реакция с обратной транскрипцией в реальном времени) и вирусологических методов (титрование по визуальному цитопатическому действию, оценка вирусного титра по методу Ramakrishnan).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Показано, что миРНК, таргетированные к клеточным генам <italic>NXF1</italic>, <italic>PRPS1 </italic>и <italic>NAA10</italic>, при профилактическом применении на модели <italic>in vivo</italic> в концентрации 1,5 нмоль/мкл, при инфицировании штаммом вируса гриппа A/California/7/09 (H1N1)pdm09 в 50% летальной дозе снижают вирусную репликацию до уровня 3,1 lg ТЦД<sub>50</sub>/мл клеточной среды, а количество вирусной РНК — до 3,2 lg по сравнению с группами неспецифического и вирусного контролей.</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold><italic> </italic>Снижение экспрессии генов <italic>NXF1</italic>, <italic>PRPS1 </italic>и<italic> NAA10</italic> приводит к нарушению жизненного цикла и активности вирусов гриппа. Настоящий подход может быть потенциально исследован и использован для близко- и дальнородственных представителей иных семейств вирусов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RNA interference</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd><kwd>siRNA</kwd><kwd>nuclear pore complex</kwd><kwd>viral reproduction</kwd><kwd>NXF1</kwd><kwd>nuclear export/import</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>РНК-интерференция</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd><kwd>миРНК</kwd><kwd>ядерно-поровый комплекс</kwd><kwd>вирусная репродукция</kwd><kwd>NXF1</kwd><kwd>ядерный экспорт/импорт</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Фонд содействия инновациям</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>18362ГУ/2023</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out with the financial support of the Foundation for Assistance to Small Innovative Enterprises under agreement No. 18362GU/2023 dated August 09, 2023.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Фонда содействия инновациям в рамках договора № 18362ГУ/2023 от 09.08.2023.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Hussain M., Galvin H.D., Haw T.Y., et al. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect. Drug Resist. 2017;20(10):121–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S105473</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Yoshikura H. Spanish flu, Asian flu, Hong Kong flu, and seasonal influenza in Japan under social and demographic influence: review and analysis using the two-population model. Jpn J. Infect. Dis. 2014;67(4):245–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7883/yoken.67.245</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Onishchenko G.G., Sizikova T.E., Lebedev V.N., Borisevich S.V. Analysis of promising approaches to COVID-19 vaccine development. BIOpreparaty. Profilaktika, diagnostika, lechenie. 2020;20(4):216–27. BIOpreparations. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2020;20(4):216–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2020-20-4-216-227</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Blagodatski A., Trutneva K., Glazova O., et al. Avian influenza in wild birds and poultry: dissemination pathways, monitoring methods, and virus ecology. Pathogens. 2021;2010(5):630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10050630</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Signore A.V., Joseph T., Ranadheera C., et al. Neuraminidase reassortment and oseltamivir resistance in clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) viruses circulating among Canadian poultry, 2024. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2025;14(1):2469643. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2025.2469643</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lye L.F., Dobson D.E., Beverley S.M., Tung M.C. RNA interference in protozoan parasites and its application. J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 2025;58(3):281–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2025.01.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Chang Y.C., Chen Y.F., Yang C.F., et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety profile of SNS812, a first in human fully modified siRNA targeting wide-spectrum SARS-CoV-2, in healthy subjects. Clin. Transl. Sci. 2025;18(3):e70202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.70202</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hou J., Zhang W., Xie Q., et al. Xalnesiran with or without an immunomodulator in chronic hepatitis B. N. Engl. J. Med. 2024;391(22):2098–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2405485</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Yuen M.F., Lim Y.S., Yoon K.T., et al. VIR-2218 (elebsiran) plus pegylated interferon-alfa-2a in participants with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a phase 2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2024;9(12):1121–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(24)00237-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Chokwassanasakulkit T., Oti V.B., Idris A., McMillan N.A. SiRNAs as antiviral drugs – current status, therapeutic potential and challenges. Antiviral. Res. 2024;232:106024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.106024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Sarkar S., Chelvarajan L., Go Y.Y., et al. Equine arteritis virus uses equine CXCL16 as an entry receptor. J. Virol. 2016;90(7):3366–84.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02455-15 Schnettler E., Ratinier M., Watson M., et al. RNA interference targets arbovirus replication in Culicoides cells. J. Virol. 2013;87(5):2441–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02848-12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y., Liu W., Xu H., et al. Gga-miR-19b-3p inhibits newcastle disease virus replication by suppressing inflammatory response via targeting RNF11 and ZMYND11. Front. Microbiol. 2019;(27):10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Maziec K., Baliga-Gil A., Kierzek E. Delivery strategies for RNA-targeting therapeutic nucleic acids and RNA-based vaccines against respiratory RNA viruses: IAV, SARS-CoV-2, RSV. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids. 2025;36(3):102572. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102572</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Lesch M., Luckner M., Meyer M., et al. RNAi-based small molecule repositioning reveals clinically approved urea-based kinase inhibitors as broadly active antivirals. PLoS Pathog. 2019;15(3):e1007601. DOI: http://doi.org/101371/journal.ppat.1007601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Pashkov E.A., Faizuloev E.B., Korchevaya E.R., et al. Knockdown of FLT4, Nup98, and Nup205 cellular genes as a suppressor for the viral activity of Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) in A549 cell culture. Fine Chem. Technol. 2021;16(6):476–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2021-16-6-476-489</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pak A.V., Pashkov E.A., Abramova N.D., et al. Effect of antiviral siRNAs on the production of cytokines in vitro. Fine Chem. Technol. 2022;17(5):384–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2022-17-5-384-393</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Пашков Е.А., Пак А.В., Абрамова Н.Д. и др. Изучение экспрессии гена IL-1β под действием комплексов миРНК, обладающих противогриппозным действием. Российский иммунологический журнал. 2022;25(4):485–90. Pashkov E.A., Pak A.V., Abramova N.D., et al. Studying expression of IL-1β gene under the action of siRNA complexes with anti-influenza effect. Russian Journal of Immunology. 2022;25(4):485–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1202-SEO EDN: https://elibrary.ru/bbqdhe</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Пашков Е.А., Шиквин Д.А., Пашков Г.А. и др. Оценка профилактического эффекта нокдауна клеточных генов NXF1, PRPS1 и NAA10 при гриппозной инфекции на модели in vitro. Вопросы вирусологии. 2025;70(1):66–77. Pashkov E.A., Shikvin D.A., Pashkov G.A., et al. Assessment of the preventive effect of knockdown of cellular genes NXF1, PRPS1 and NAA10 in influenza infection in an in vitro model. Problems of Virology. 2025;70(1):66–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-289 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/oqonmm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Buranaamnuay K. The MTT assay application to measure the viability of spermatozoa: а variety of the assay protocols. Open Vet. J. 2021;11(2):251–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5455/OVJ.2021.v11.i2.9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Tompkins S.M., Lo C.Y., Tumpey T.M., Epstein S.L. Protection against lethal influenza virus challenge by RNA interference in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101(23):8682–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402630101</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Ramakrishnan M.A. Determination of 50% endpoint titer using a simple formula. World J. Virol. 2016;5(2):85–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v5.i2.85</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Huarachi-Olivera R., Teresa Mata M., Ardiles-Candia A., et al. Modification of the Trizol method for the extraction of RNA from Prorocentrum triestinum ACIZ_LEM2. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024;25(17): 9642. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25179642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bustin S.A., Benes V., Nolan T., Pfaffl M.W. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR – a perspective. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2005;34(3):597–601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01755</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Howard C.W., Zou G., Morrow S.A., et al. Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney odds ratio: A statistical measure for ordinal outcomes such as EDSS. Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord. 2022;59:103516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2022.103516</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Estrin M.A., Hussein I.T.M., Puryear W.Β., et al. Host-directed combinatorial RNAi improves inhibition of diverse strains of influenza A virus in human respiratory epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):0197246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197246</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Sui H.Y., Zhao G.Y., Huang J.D., et al. Small interfering RNA targeting M2 gene induces effective and long-term inhibition of influenza A virus replication. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):5671. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005671</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Read E.K., Digard P. Individual influenza A virus mRNAs show differential dependence on cellular NXF1/TAP for their nuclear export. J. Gen. Virol. 2010;91(5):1290–301. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.018564-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou Y., Liu Y., Gupta S., et al. A comprehensive SARS-CoV-2-human protein-protein interactome reveals COVID-19 pathobiology and potential host therapeutic targets. Nat. Biotechnol. 2023;41(1):128–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-022-01474-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Bonazza S., Courtney D.G. Influenza A virus RNA localisation and the interceding trafficking pathways of the host cell. PLoS Pathog. 2025;21(4):e1013090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1013090</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Mei M., Cupic A., Miorin L., et al. Inhibition of mRNA nuclear export promotes SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 2024;121(22):e2314166121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2314166121</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Wendt L., Brandt J., Bodmer B.S., et al. The Ebola virus nucleoprotein recruits the nuclear RNA export factor NXF1 into inclusion bodies to facilitate viral protein expression. Cells. 2020;9(1):187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cells9010187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Chen J., Umunnakwe C., Sun D.Q., et al. Impact of nuclear export pathway on cytoplasmic HIV-1 RNA transport mechanism and distribution. mBio. 2020;11(6):e01578–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01578-20</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Grüter P., Tabernero C., von Kobbe C., et al. TAP, the human homolog of Mex67p, mediates CTE-dependent RNA export from the nucleus. Mol. Cell. 1998;1(5):649–59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(00)80065-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Guo J., Zhu Y., Ma X., et al. Virus infection and mRNA nuclear export. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(16):12593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612593</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Cristi A.C., Rapuri S., Coyne A.N. Nuclear pore complex and nucleocytoplasmic transport disruption in neurodegeneration. FEBS Lett. 2023;597(20):2546–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.14729</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Keeley O., Coyne A.N. Nuclear and degradative functions of the ESCRT-III pathway: implications for neurodegenerative disease. Nucleus. 2024;15(1):2349085. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19491034.2024.2349085</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Xu S., Powers M.A. Nuclear pore proteins and cancer. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2009;20(5):620–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Borden K.L.B. The nuclear pore complex and mRNA export in cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2020;13(1):42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13010042</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Sakuma T., Davila J.I., Malcolm J.A., et al. Murine leukemia virus uses NXF1 for nuclear export of spliced and unspliced viral transcripts. J. Virol. 2014;88(8):4069–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.03584-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang K., Xie Y., Muñoz-Moreno R., et al. Structural basis for influenza virus NS1 protein block of mRNA nuclear export. Nat. Microbiol. 2019;4(10):1671–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0482-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Guo J., Zhu Y., Ma X., et al. Virus infection and mRNA nuclear export. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023;24(16):12593. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241612593</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Супотницкий М.В. Нерешенные и замалчиваемые научные проблемы, оставленные пандемией COVID‐19. Вестник войск РХБ защиты. 2025;9(2):118–50. Supotnitskiy M.V. Unresolved and suppressed scientific issues left by the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of NBC Protection Corps. 2025;9(2):118–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2025-9-2-118-150 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ehcise</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Супотницкий М.В. Оспа обезьян как малоизученная биологическая угроза для России. Вестник войск РХБ защиты. 2022;6(2):152–77. Supotnitskiy M.V. Monkeypox: a little-studied biological threat to Russia. Journal of NBC Protection Corps. 2022;6(2):152–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-2-152-177 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/gukxjo</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
