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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18929</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-748</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HFEHPB</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Human papillomavirus: genetic diversity, vaginal microbiota, and local immunity in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вирус папилломы человека: генетическое разнообразие, микробиота влагалища и состояние локального иммунитета при цервикальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7189-3799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lohinava</surname><given-names>Volha P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логинова</surname><given-names>Ольга Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of clinical laboratory diagnostics, Laboratory of cellular technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики лаб. клеточных технологий</p></bio><email>loginovaolga81@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0579-6215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>Natalia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>Наталья Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory of Cellular Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, доцент, врач-лаборант (заведующий) лаб. клеточных технологий</p></bio><email>shevchenkoni@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3662-3045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gasich</surname><given-names>Elena L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гасич</surname><given-names>Елена Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory for the diagnostics of HIV and concomitant infections, Research Institute of Hypertension and Computer Science</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент, зав. лаб. диагностики ВИЧ и сопутствующих инфекций Научно-исследовательского института гигиены, токсикологии, эпидемиологии, вирусологии и микробиологии</p></bio><email>elena.gasich@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Scientific and Practical Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГУ «Республиканский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины и экологии человека»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology, and Public Health</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГУ «Республиканский центр гигиены, эпидемиологии и общественного здоровья»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>750</fpage><lpage>763</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Lohinava V.P., Shevchenko N.I., Gasich E.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Логинова О.П., Шевченко Н.И., Гасич Е.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lohinava V.P., Shevchenko N.I., Gasich E.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Логинова О.П., Шевченко Н.И., Гасич Е.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18929">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18929</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Objective.</bold> To assess the contribution of HPV and to examine the state of vaginal microecology in women with HPV-induced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (using the Gomel region as an example).</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study was carried out in the period from 2018 to 2023 and included 11,382 women from the Gomel region. A study of cervical canal scrapings was performed using the cytological method. The molecular genetic testing of these samples for the presence of DNA of the human papillomavirus (HPV) of high carcinogenic risk (hr) was carried out using the Abbott Real Time hrHPV reagent kit (USA). The genotyping of positive samples was performed using the AmpliSens hrHPV genotype-FL kit (RF). A microbiological study of vaginal discharge from HPV-negative women (<italic>n</italic> = 78) was conducted with an assessment of the state of the vaginal microbiocenosis and an assessment of the functions of lactobacilli. An immunological study of cervicovaginal secretion included the determination of interleukins: IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and secretory immunoglobulin A.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The prevalence of hrHPV in women in the Gomel region was 9.0%. hrHPV was detected with the highest frequency in the 18–24 age group — 19% (95% CI 17–21.1). It was found that during the study period, 16, 18, 51, 56 and 31 were found with the highest frequency. Genotype 16 (73.8%) was detected significantly more often in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, genotypes 45 (14.9%) and 58 (11.9%) in low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions, and genotype 33 (14.8%) in atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance. Dysbiosis was detected significantly more often with HPV-negative cervical dysplasia (87.2%), and severe dysbiosis in this group was noted with a high frequency — 66.7%. The antagonistic activity of lactobacilli in the group with cervical dysplasia was 2 times lower in relation to all test strains compared to the group with normocytogram. In the group with dysplasia, the ability of lactobacilli to produce hydrogen peroxide was absent in 92.3% of cases and the ability to form biofilm was significantly reduced. According to the results of the analysis, the following may be considered unfavorable factors in HPV-negative dysplasia: vaginal dysbiosis, increased pH of vaginal discharge, increased IL-6, decreased levels of secretory immunoglobulin A.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Thus, both HPV and factors characterizing the vaginal microecology contribute to the development of cervical dysplasia. The presented results are not only of practical but also of fundamental importance, as they expand our understanding of the mechanisms of cervical cancer development by studying the role of the vaginal microecology. The identified biomarkers related to the microbiota and local immunity at various HPV infection statuses may help develop new approaches to the diagnosis and prevention of cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель</bold> работы — оценить вклад вируса папилломы человека (ВПЧ) и изучить состояние микроэкологии влагалища у женщин при ВПЧ-индуцированной цервикальной интраэпителиальной неоплазии (на примере Гомельской области).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследования выполняли в 2018–2023 гг. Объектом исследования явились 11 382 женщины из Гомельской области. Выполнено исследование соскобов цервикального канала цитологическим методом, проведено молекулярно-генетическое тестирование этих образцов на наличие ДНК ВПЧ высокого канцерогенного риска (ВКР) и генотипирование положительных образцов. Проведено микробиологическое исследование отделяемого влагалища с оценкой состояния микробиоценоза влагалища и антимикробного потенциала лактобацилл. Определены концентрации интерлейкинов-1β, -2, -6, -8, -10, фактора некроза опухоли-α и секреторного иммуноглобулина А в цервиковагинальном секрете.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Инфицированность женщин ВПЧ ВКР в Гомельской области составила 9,0%. С наибольшей частотой ВПЧ ВКР обнаружен в возрастной группе 18–24 года — 19% (95% ДИ 17–21,1). Установлено, что за исследуемый период с наибольшей частотой встречались генотипы ВПЧ 16, 18, 51, 56 и 31. При высокой степени интраэпителиальных поражений плоского эпителия значимо чаще детектирован генотип 16 (73,8%), при низкой — 45 (14,9%) и 58 (11,9%), при наличии атипичных клеткок плоского эпителия неопределённого значения — генотип 33 (14,8%). При ВПЧ-негативной дисплазии шейки матки значимо чаще выявлялся дисбиоз (87,2%). Антагонистическая активность лактобацилл в группе с дисплазией шейки матки была в 2 раза ниже по отношению ко всем тест-штаммам, способность продуцировать перекись водорода лактобациллами отсутствовала в 92,3% случаев, и значимо была снижена способность формировать биоплёнку в сравнении с группой с нормоцитограммой. По результатам анализа к неблагоприятным факторам при ВПЧ-негативной дисплазии возможно отнести: дисбиоз влагалища, увеличение pH влагалищного отделяемого, повышение уровня интерлейкина-6, снижение содержания секреторного иммуноглобулина А.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В развитие цервикальной дисплазии вносят определённый вклад как ВПЧ, так и факторы, характеризующие микроэкологию влагалища. Представленные результаты расширяют понимание механизмов развития рака шейки матки, связанных с микроэкологией влагалища, а выявленные особенности микробиоты, в частности, бактериальные биомаркеры, наряду с показателями локального иммунитета при различных статусах ВПЧ-инфекции, могут быть полезны при разработке новых диагностических систем и прогнозирования развития цервикальной дисплазии и рака шеки матки.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>human papillomavirus</kwd><kwd>cervical dysplasia</kwd><kwd>women of reproductive age</kwd><kwd>lactobacilli</kwd><kwd>properties of lactobacilli</kwd><kwd>interleukins</kwd><kwd>secretory immunoglobulin A</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус папилломы человека</kwd><kwd>цервикальная дисплазия</kwd><kwd>женщины репродуктивного возраста</kwd><kwd>лактобактерии</kwd><kwd>свойства лактобактерий</kwd><kwd>интерлейкины</kwd><kwd>секреторный иммуноглобулин А</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20180787</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Rospotrebnadzor</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Роспотребнадзор</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20241379</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Белорусский республиканский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20221047</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Yadav G., Srinivasan G., Jain A. 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