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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18906</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-734</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OVPBTA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic diversity of mutations affecting the hemolytic activity of <italic>Bordetella pertussis</italic> bacteria during <italic>in vitro</italic> cultivation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическое разнообразие мутаций, влияющих на гемолитическую активность бактерий <italic>Bordetella pertussis</italic> при культивировании <italic>in vitro</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7478-3624</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куликов</surname><given-names>Сергей Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of bacterial genetics, Department of medical microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. генетики бактерий отдела медицинской микробиологии</p></bio><email>stromdang@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1509-0622</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medkova</surname><given-names>Alisa Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медкова</surname><given-names>Алиса Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory of bacterial genetics, Department of medical microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. генетики бактерий отдела медицинской микробиологии</p></bio><email>baburida@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5128-7681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Loktev</surname><given-names>Matvej A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Локтев</surname><given-names>Матвей Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>research assistant, Laboratory of bacterial genetics, Department of medical microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаб. генетики бактерий</p></bio><email>m_loktev00@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1708-5453</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinyashina</surname><given-names>Lyudmila N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синяшина</surname><given-names>Людмила Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, Laboratory of bacterial genetics, Department of medical microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, в. н. с. лаб. генетики бактерий отдела медицинской микробиологии</p></bio><email>vasilissa7777@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8771-6092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karataev</surname><given-names>Gennady I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каратаев</surname><given-names>Геннадий Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Head, Laboratory of bacterial genetics, Department of medical microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с., руководитель лаб. генетики бактерий отдела медицинской микробиологии</p></bio><email>karataevgi@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почётного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>592</fpage><lpage>604</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-05"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received:<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-05"><day>05</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></event-desc></event><event event-type="pub"><event-desc>Published:<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic" iso-8601-date="2025-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kulikov S.V., Medkova A.Y., Loktev M.A., Sinyashina L.N., Karataev G.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Куликов С.В., Медкова А.Ю., Локтев М.А., Синяшина Л.Н., Каратаев Г.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kulikov S.V., Medkova A.Y., Loktev M.A., Sinyashina L.N., Karataev G.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Куликов С.В., Медкова А.Ю., Локтев М.А., Синяшина Л.Н., Каратаев Г.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18906">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18906</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The two-component BvgAS system regulates the transcription of the pathogen's virulence genes and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of whooping cough, an anthroponotic infectious disease. Currently, the factors affecting the BvgAS system of <italic>Bordetella pertussis</italic> bacteria in the human organism have not been studied in practice. It is known that disruption of the <italic>bvgAS</italic> operon structure leads to phase modulations and changes in virulence. IS-elements intergation into the <italic>bvgAS</italic> operon and other virulence genes of <italic>B. pertussis</italic> bacteria is important mechanism in regulating their expression, potentially leading to the long-term persistence of this pathogen in the human body.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> Identification and description of spontaneous IS-elements insertions in <italic>B. pertussis</italic> into <italic>bvgAS</italic>, <italic>cya</italic> and <italic>fhaB</italic> virulence genes responsible for hemolytic activity during <italic>in vitro</italic> bacterial cultivation.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> <italic>B. pertussis</italic> strains from the collection of the N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology were used: virulent <italic>B. pertussis</italic> 475 strain and its isogenic attenuated strain <italic>B. pertussis</italic> 4MKS; virulent <italic>B. pertussis</italic> strain Tohama I and its avirulent mutant <italic>B. pertussis</italic> 347. Bacteria were cultivated on casein-charcoal agar with blood addition. The formation of haemolysis zones was assessed visually. PCR, real-time PCR and sequencing were used for the genetic characterization of the obtained insertion mutants.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> <italic>B. pertussis</italic> mutants containing insertions of IS-elements in <italic>fhaB</italic> and <italic>bvgAS</italic> genes with impaired hemolytic activity (Hly<sup>–</sup> phenotype) have been isolated <italic>in vitro</italic>, as well as <italic>B. pertussis </italic>mutants that retained hemolytic activity (Hly<sup>+</sup> phenotype), containing IS-elements in a previously undescribed orientation in the <italic>bvgAS</italic> gene. The frequency of insertional mutant formation depended on conditions of cultivation and bacteria genotype.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Arguments are made for the hypotheses about the IS-elements involvement in <italic>B. pertussis</italic> bacteria transition to a state of reduced virulence, which provides the possibility of long-term persistence of this pathogen in the human body.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Ключевую роль в патогенезе коклюша, антропонозного инфекционного заболевания, играет двухкомпонентная система BvgAS, регулирующая транскрипцию генов вирулентности возбудителя. Факторы, оказывающие воздействие на работу системы BvgAS бактерий <italic>Bordetella pertussis</italic> в организме человека, практически не изучены. Известно, что нарушение структуры оперона <italic>bvgAS</italic> приводит к фазовым переходам и изменению вирулентности. Перемещение IS-элементов в оперон <italic>bvgAS</italic> и другие гены вирулентности возбудителя коклюша является важным механизмом в регуляции их экспрессии, потенциально приводящим к длительной персистенции бактерий в организме человека.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> работы — поиск и характеристика спонтанных инсерционных мутантов бактерий <italic>B. pertussis </italic>по генам вирулентности <italic>bvgAS</italic>, <italic>cya </italic>и <italic>fhaB, </italic>ответственным за гемолитическую активность при культивировании бактерий <italic>in vitro</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Использованы штаммы <italic>B. pertussis</italic> из коллекции НИЦЭМ им. Н.Ф. Гамалеи: вирулентный штамм<italic> B. pertussis </italic>475 и изогенный ему аттенуированный штамм <italic>B. pertussis </italic>4МKS, вирулентный штамм <italic>B. pertussis</italic> Tohama I и его авирулентный мутант <italic>B. pertussis</italic> 347. Бактерии культивировали на казеиново-угольном агаре с добавлением крови. Формирование зон гемолиза оценивали визуально. Для молекулярно-генетической характеристики полученных инсерционных мутантов использовали методы ПЦР, ПЦР-РВ, секвенирования.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> <italic>In vitro</italic> выделены мутанты <italic>B. pertussis</italic> с нарушенной гемолитической активностью (фенотип Hly<sup>–</sup>) c инсерциями IS-элементов в генах <italic>fhaB</italic> и <italic>bvgAS</italic>, а также мутанты, сохранившие гемолитическую активность (фенотип Hly<sup>+</sup>), содержащие IS-элементы в ранее не описанной ориентации в гене <italic>bvgAS</italic>. Частота образования инсерционных мутантов зависела от условий культивирования и генотипа бактерий.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Приведены аргументы, свидетельствующие о возможной роли IS-элементов в переходе бактерий<italic> B. pertussis</italic> в состояние пониженной вирулентности, что обеспечивает длительную персистенцию возбудителя коклюша в организме человека.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bordetella pertussis</kwd><kwd>IS-elements</kwd><kwd>regulation of transcription</kwd><kwd>virulence</kwd><kwd>persistence</kwd><kwd>hemolytic activity</kwd><kwd>Hly– phenotype</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bordetella pertussis</kwd><kwd>IS-элементы</kwd><kwd>регуляция транскрипции</kwd><kwd>вирулентность</kwd><kwd>персистенция</kwd><kwd>гемолитическая активность</kwd><kwd>Hly–-фенотип</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vandamme P.A., Peeters C., Cnockaert M., et al. 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