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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18903</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-732</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ISRLFS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Application of the GW module for the immobilization of the red fluorescent protein RFP on peptidoglycan from lactic acid bacteria <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммобилизация красного флюоресцентного белка RFP с помощью модуля GW на пептидогликане молочнокислых бактерий <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> и <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1069-7572</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dobrynina</surname><given-names>Olga Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Добрынина</surname><given-names>Ольга Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>dobryninaolga0201@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3378-4204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umyarov</surname><given-names>Abdul-Khamit  M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умяров</surname><given-names>Абдулхамит Мустафович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>boltanya2@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-651X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bolshakova</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Большакова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>dobotan@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9273-5423</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konstantinova</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Константинова</surname><given-names>Светлана Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>scientific researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>sv.konstantinova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1436-9015</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishin</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришин</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>grishin-a1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1806-7575</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lyaschuk</surname><given-names>Alexander M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лящук</surname><given-names>Александр Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>lamy13@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1050-1787</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lunin</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лунин</surname><given-names>Владимир Глебович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, leading researcher, Laboratory of biologically active nanostructures</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, проф., в. н. с. лаб. биологически активных наноструктур</p></bio><email>lunin1955@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почётного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-01"><day>01</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Dobrynina O.Y., Umyarov A.M., Bolshakova T.N., Konstantinova S.V., Grishin A.V., Lyaschuk A.M., Lunin V.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Добрынина О.Ю., Умяров А.М., Большакова Т.Н., Константинова С.В., Гришин А.В., Лящук А.М., Лунин В.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dobrynina O.Y., Umyarov A.M., Bolshakova T.N., Konstantinova S.V., Grishin A.V., Lyaschuk A.M., Lunin V.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Добрынина О.Ю., Умяров А.М., Большакова Т.Н., Константинова С.В., Гришин А.В., Лящук А.М., Лунин В.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18903">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18903</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold><italic>.</italic><bold> </bold>Peptidoglycans from lactic acid bacteria are a safe platform for surface display systems of heterologous proteins for medical purposes. The binding of target proteins to peptidoglycans can occur with the participation of the GW protein module.</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>: to study the ability of GW module to bind proteins to peptidoglycan derived from lactic acid bacteria.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>: The fused protein GW-RFP was obtained with the help of genetically engineering methods. The protein was isolated and purified. Lactic acid bacteria peptidoglycans were isolated and used in the binding reaction with the GW-RFP protein. To monitor the reaction progress, light and fluorescence microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis electrophoresis (PAGE) were used.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>: Methods for isolation and purification of peptidoglycans from <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> and <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic> have been developed. The recombinant GW-RFP protein consisting of the red fluorescent protein RFP and the GW module the AltA protein of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> has been cloned and expressed in <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>. It has been shown that the GW-RFP protein binds to the peptidoglycans from <italic>L. lactis</italic> and <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> in the amount of 24.9 ± 3.7 μg protein/100 μg (w/w) peptidoglycan from <italic>L. lactis</italic> and 21.3 ± 3.3 μg protein/100 μg (w/w) peptidoglycan from <italic>L. acidophilus</italic>. The GW-RFP protein can be removed from the peptidoglycans using a 0.5 M NaCl solution.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>: The GW module can be used for protein immobilization on the peptidoglycan from both lactococci and lactobacilli.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold><italic> </italic>Пептидогликаны (ПГ) из молочнокислых бактерий являются безопасной платформой для систем поверхностного дисплея гетерологичных белков медицинского назначения. Прикрепление целевых белков к ПГ может происходить при участии белкового модуля GW.</p> <p><bold>Цель:</bold> изучить возможность использования белковых модулей GW в качестве якоря для связывания различных белков с ПГ из молочнокислых бактерий.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> С помощью генно-инженерных методик получен продуцент модельного слитого белка GW-RFP. Белок выделен и очищен. ПГ молочнокислых бактерий выделены и использованы в реакции связывания с белком GW-RFP. Для контроля протекания реакции использованы методы световой и флюоресцентной микроскопии, электрофорез в полиакриламидном геле.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Отработаны методы выделения и очистки ПГ из <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> и <italic>L. acidophilus</italic>. Клонирован и экспрессирован в <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> модельный белок GW-RFP, состоящий из красного флюоресцентного белка RFP и модуля GW, соответствующего первому GW-модулю белка AltA <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. Показано, что белок GW-RFP связывается с ПГ<italic> L. lactis</italic> и <italic>L. acidophilus</italic> в количестве 24,9 ± 3,7 мкг белка/100 мкг сырого массы ПГ<italic> L. lactis</italic> и 21,3 ± 3,3 мкг белка/100 мкг сырого веса ПГ<italic> L. acidophilus</italic>. Белок GW-RFP можно отделить от ПГ с помощью 0,5 М раствора NaCl.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Белковый модуль GW может служить якорем для белков, которые нужно иммобилизовать на ПГ, — как лактококков, так и лактобацилл.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Lactic acid bacteria</kwd><kwd>Lactococcus lactis</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus acidophilus</kwd><kwd>peptidoglycan</kwd><kwd>red fluorescent protein RFP</kwd><kwd>GW module</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>молочнокислые бактерии</kwd><kwd>Lactococcus lactis</kwd><kwd>Lactobacillus acidophilus</kwd><kwd>пептидогликан</kwd><kwd>красный флюоресцентный белок RFP</kwd><kwd>белковый модуль GW</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou X., Gao M., De X., et al. Bacterium-like particles derived from probiotics: progress, challenges and prospects. Front. Immunol. 2023;14:1263586. 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