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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18889</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-728</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IRSJOJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Interaction of lactoferrin, lysozyme and the complement system in <italic>in vitro</italic> modeling of innate immune responses</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Взаимодействие лактоферрина, лизоцима и системы комплемента при моделировании реакций врождённого иммунитета <italic>in vitro</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7970-3291</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krenev</surname><given-names>Ilia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кренев</surname><given-names>Илья Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of general pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. общей патологии</p></bio><email>il.krenevv13@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0311-3305</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Umnyakova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Умнякова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of general pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. общей патологии</p></bio><email>ekaterina.umnyakova@unibas.ch</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9033-0537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>Alexey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>Алексей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, Head, Laboratory of analysis of intermolecular interactions, Institute of Experimental Medicine; Professor, Department of biochemistry, Faculty of biology, Saint Petersburg State University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, зав. лаб. анализа межмолекулярных взаимодействий Института экспериментальной медицины; профессор каф. биохимии биологического факультета Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета</p></bio><email>biochemsokolov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4636-0565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunov</surname><given-names>Nikolay P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунов</surname><given-names>Николай Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of hybridoma technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. гибридомных технологий</p></bio><email>niko_laygo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1405-1322</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostevich</surname><given-names>Valeria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костевич</surname><given-names>Валерия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of hybridoma technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. гибридомных технологий</p></bio><email>hfa-2005@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-7389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleshina</surname><given-names>Galina M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алешина</surname><given-names>Галина Матвеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Associate Professor, Head, Laboratory of general pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, доцент, зав. лаб. общей патологии</p></bio><email>galina_aleshina@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5191-0467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Berlov</surname><given-names>Mikhail N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Берлов</surname><given-names>Михаил Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of general pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. общей патологии</p></bio><email>berlov.mn@iemspb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФБУН «Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Пастера» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>93</fpage><lpage>107</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Krenev I.A., Umnyakova E.S., Sokolov A.V., Gorbunov N.P., Kostevich V.A., Aleshina G.M., Berlov M.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Кренев И.А., Умнякова Е.С., Соколов А.В., Горбунов Н.П., Костевич В.А., Алешина Г.М., Берлов М.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krenev I.A., Umnyakova E.S., Sokolov A.V., Gorbunov N.P., Kostevich V.A., Aleshina G.M., Berlov M.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кренев И.А., Умнякова Е.С., Соколов А.В., Горбунов Н.П., Костевич В.А., Алешина Г.М., Берлов М.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18889">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18889</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Complement is a key humoral participant of immunity involved in defensive and pathological processes. Human lysozyme (hLZ), hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and lactoferrin (LF) are classical constituents of innate immunity. Complement and proteins of innate immunity are often co-localized but their interaction is poorly understood.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> of the work was to characterize functional interaction of LF and hLZ/HEWL with complement.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Human blood serum was used as a source of complement. The complement classical and alternative pathway models contained antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes and rabbit erythrocytes respectively. The level of complement activation was estimated as serum hemolytic activity and anaphylatoxins production measured by ELISA. The bactericidal effect was estimated in colony-count assay. Permeabilization of outer and inner membranes of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> ML-35p was evaluated with the use of chromogenic substrates of periplasmic and cytoplasmic enzymes. Enzymatic activity of lysozymes was measured in turbidimetric assay.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>We confirmed the data that LF selectively inhibits the classical pathway (IC<sub>50</sub> ~ 160 μg/mL; ~ 2 μM). We demonstrated for the first time that hLZ at high concentrations (40—160 μg/mL) moderately enhances the activity of the both complement pathways (C3 and C5 conversion as well as lytic activity) while HEWL at concentrations up to 160 μg/mL does not influence on complement activation. LF and hLZ modulated the classical pathway in an independent manner. LF did not prevent <italic>E. coli</italic> killing by serum but instead slightly increased bacterial viability in diluted serum. Lysozymes cooperated with complement in bacterial killing but LF partially prevented this in 5% serum. hLZ and HEWL accelerated bacterial inner membrane disruption regardless the presence of LF. The two enzymes accelerated the bactericidal effect of 50% serum, and hLZ did it slightly better than HEWL.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>LF and hLZ produce opposing and independent effects on complement. We refine the idea of the interaction between complement and lysozyme and propose a new model in which hLZ cooperates with complement to accelerate bacterial killing via promotion of the classical and alternative pathways activation as well as synergism with membrane-attack complex. LF does not inhibit bacterial killing by serum but can oppose hLZ and complement synergism in diluted serum.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Комплемент является ключевым гуморальным звеном иммунитета, участвующим в защитных и патологических процессах. Лизоцим человека (ЛЧ), лизоцим белка куриных яиц (ЛК) и лактоферрин (ЛФ) — классические компоненты врождённого иммунитета. Комплемент и белки врождённого иммунитета часто локализованы совместно, но их функциональное взаимодействие изучено недостаточно.</p> <p><bold>Целью </bold>работы было охарактеризовать функциональное взаимодействие ЛФ и лизоцимов с комплементом.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В качестве источника комплемента использовали сыворотку крови человека. В моделях классического и альтернативного путей комплемента использовали сенсибилизированные антителами эритроциты барана и эритроциты кролика соответственно. Уровень активации комплемента оценивали по гемолитической активности сыворотки, а также продукции анафилатоксинов, определяемых с помощью иммуноферментного анализа. Бактерицидное действие определяли методом подсчёта колоний. Проницаемость внешней и внутренней мембран <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> ML-35p изучали с использованием хромогенных субстратов периплазматических и цитоплазматических ферментов. Ферментативную активность лизоцима измеряли турбидиметрическим методом.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Мы подтвердили данные о том, что ЛФ избирательно ингибирует классический путь (ИК<sub>50</sub> ~ 160 мкг/мл; ~ 2 мкМ). Мы впервые продемонстрировали, что ЛЧ в высоких концентрациях (40–160 мкг/мл) умеренно усиливает активность классического и альтернативного путей комплемента (конвертацию белков C3, C5 и литическую активность), в то время как ЛК в концентрациях до 160 мкг/мл не влияет на активацию комплемента. ЛФ и ЛЧ модулировали классический путь независимо друг от друга. ЛФ не предотвращал киллинг <italic>E. coli</italic> сывороткой, но несколько повышал жизнеспособность бактерий в разбавленной сыворотке. Лизоцимы кооперировали с комплементом в киллинге бактерий, но ЛФ частично предотвращал это взаимодействие в 5% сыворотке. ЛЧ и ЛК ускоряли лизис внутренней мембраны сывороткой независимо от присутствия ЛФ. Эти два фермента усиливали бактерицидное действие 50% сыворотки, причём при добавлении ЛЧ были отмечены несколько лучшие результаты, чем в присутствии ЛК.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>ЛФ и ЛЧ оказывают противоположно направленное и независимое действие на комплемент. Мы уточняем представление о функциональном взаимодействии комплемента с лизоцимом и предлагаем новую модель, в которой лизоцим взаимодействует с комплементом для ускорения киллинга бактерий за счёт усиления классического и альтернативного путей, а также синергизма с мембраноатакующим комплексом. ЛФ не ингибирует уничтожение бактерий сывороткой, но может противодействовать синергизму лизоцима и комплемента в разбавленной сыворотке.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>complement system</kwd><kwd>antimicrobial proteins</kwd><kwd>lactoferrin</kwd><kwd>lysozyme</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>врождённый иммунитет</kwd><kwd>система комплемента</kwd><kwd>антимикробные белки</kwd><kwd>лактоферрин</kwd><kwd>лизоцим</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG-2025-0005</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (state assignment FGWG-2025-0005).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа была поддержана Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (государственное задание FGWG-2025-0005).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mastellos D.C., Hajishengallis G., Lambris J.D. 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