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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18883</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-726</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">KQXYJY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Variability of the iron uptake system components in <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic></article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вариабельность компонентов системы усвоения железа у <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-1185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremenko</surname><given-names>Evgeny I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еременко</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, chief researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, г. н. с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-784X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanova</surname><given-names>Alla G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанова</surname><given-names>Алла Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7033-9972</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechkovskii</surname><given-names>Grigorii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печковский</surname><given-names>Григорий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-3112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aksenova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксенова</surname><given-names>Людмила Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-898X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, н. с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>stavnipchi@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФКУЗ «Ставропольский научно-исследовательский противочумный институт» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>103</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>120</fpage><lpage>136</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eremenko E.I., Ryazanova A.G., Pechkovskii G.A., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Еременко Е.И., Рязанова А.Г., Печковский Г.А., Аксенова Л.Ю., Семенова О.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eremenko E.I., Ryazanova A.G., Pechkovskii G.A., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еременко Е.И., Рязанова А.Г., Печковский Г.А., Аксенова Л.Ю., Семенова О.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18883">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18883</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The iron uptake system of <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic> includes siderophores and hemophores, some of which are classified as additional virulence factors. The variability of the genes and proteins of this system in natural strains of the main genetic lineages of <italic>B. anthracis</italic> has not been studied previously, which determines the relevance of this study.</p> <p><bold>The aim</bold> is to characterize the variability of genes and proteins of the iron uptake system in natural strains of <italic>B. anthraci</italic>s from different genetic lineages.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The sequences of 947 <italic>B. anthracis</italic> genomes and 4 <italic>B. cereus biovar anthracis</italic> genomes taken for comparison were studied. <italic>In silico</italic> analysis was performed using the genome of the <italic>B. anthracis</italic> Ames Ancestor strain as a reference with the identification of polymorphisms in the BLASTn, BLASTp, and MEGA X programs.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Variability was established for 23 of 25 and 14 of 18 siderophore and hemophore genes of <italic>B. anthracis</italic>, respectively. The frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indels, and amino acid substitutions in strains of the main lineages A and B are comparable; in strains of lineage B, the non-ribosomal peptidyl transferase bacillibactin is inactive. In lineage C, the frequencies of polymorphisms are an order of magnitude higher. In <italic>B. cereus biovar anthracis</italic>, the frequencies are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher for indels and amino acid substitutions and 500 times higher for SNPs.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The variability of genes and proteins of the iron assimilation system is most pronounced in strains of <italic>B. anthracis</italic> lineage C. In strains of lineage B, with a comparable frequency of polymorphisms to lineage A, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase is inactive. These features may be associated with lower adaptive capabilities and lower prevalence of the main genetic lineages B and C compared to lineage A. The highest frequency of polymorphisms was observed in <italic>B. cereus biovar anthracis</italic> strains, which is explained by the special position of this subspecies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Система усвоения железа <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic> включает сидерофоры и гемофоры, часть из которых отнесена к дополнительным факторам патогенности. Вариабельность генов и белков этой системы у природных штаммов главных генетических линий<italic> B. anthracis</italic> ранее не изучалась, что определяет актуальность работы.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>— характеристика вариабельности генов и белков системы усвоения железа у природных штаммов <italic>B. anthracis</italic> разных генетических линий.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Изучены последовательности 947 геномов <italic>B. anthracis</italic> и 4 геномов <italic>B. cereus biovar anthracis</italic>, взятых для сравнения. Анализ <italic>in silico</italic> проводили, используя геном штамма <italic>B. anthracis</italic> Ames Ancestor в качестве референсного с идентификацией полиморфизмов в программах «BLASTn», «BLASTp», «MEGA X».</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Установлена вариабельность для 23 из 25 и 14 из 18 генов сидерофоров и гемофоров <italic>B. anthracis</italic> соответственно. Частоты для однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (SNP), инделов, замен аминокислот у штаммов главных линий A и B сопоставимы, у штаммов линии B неактивна нерибосомная пептидсинтетаза бациллибактина. У линии C частоты полиморфизмов на порядок выше. У <italic>B. cereus biovar anthracis</italic> частоты на 1–2 порядка выше для инделов, замен аминокислот и в 500 раз — для SNP.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Вариабельность генов и белков системы усвоения железа наиболее выражена у штаммов <italic>B. anthracis</italic> линии С, у штаммов линии B при сопоставимой частоте полиморфизмов с линией A неактивна нерибосомная пептидсинтетаза. Эти особенности могут быть связаны с меньшими адаптационными возможностями и меньшей распространённостью главных генетических линий B и C по сравнению с линией A. Наибольшая частота полиморфизмов отмечена для штаммов <italic>B. cereus biovar anthracis</italic>, что объясняется особым положением этого подвида.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>siderophores</kwd><kwd>hemophores</kwd><kwd>genetic lineages</kwd><kwd>virulence factors</kwd><kwd>gene and protein variability</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>сидерофоры</kwd><kwd>гемофоры</kwd><kwd>генетические линии</kwd><kwd>факторы вирулентности</kwd><kwd>вариабельность генов и белков</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cendrowski S., MacArthur W., Hanna P. Bacillus anthracis requires siderophore biosynthesis for growth in macrophages and mouse virulence. Mol. 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