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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18803</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-624</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">zffqga</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Adaptation of H2N2 influenza viruses with different receptor specificity to MDCK cells: opportunities for the development of a cell-based vaccine against pandemic H2N2 influenza</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Адаптация вирусов гриппа H2N2 с различной рецепторной специфичностью к клеткам MDCK: возможности для разработки культуральной пандемической вакцины против гриппа H2N2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-6085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matyushenko</surname><given-names>Victoria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матюшенко</surname><given-names>Виктория Аркадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of immunology and vaccine prevention of viral infections, Department of virology named after A.A. Smorodintsev</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. иммунологии и вакцинопрофилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>matyshenko@iemspb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-0171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostromitina</surname><given-names>Arina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костромитина</surname><given-names>Арина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of cellular immunology, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. клеточной иммунологии отдела иммунологии</p></bio><email>arina8goshina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-9959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>Larisa G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Лариса Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of virology named after A.A. Smorodintsev</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, рук. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>vaccine@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isakova-Sivak</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исакова-Сивак</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head, Laboratory of immunology and vaccine prevention of viral infections, Department of virology named after A.A. Smorodintsev</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, член-корр. РАН, зав. лаб. иммунологии и вакцинопрофилактики вирусных инфекций отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>isakova.sivak@iemspb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>42</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Matyushenko V.A., Kostromitina A.D., Rudenko L.G., Isakova-Sivak I.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Матюшенко В.А., Костромитина А.Д., Руденко Л.Г., Исакова-Сивак И.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Matyushenko V.A., Kostromitina A.D., Rudenko L.G., Isakova-Sivak I.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Матюшенко В.А., Костромитина А.Д., Руденко Л.Г., Исакова-Сивак И.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18803">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18803</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>H2N2 influenza viruses caused a pandemic in 1957 due to the adaptation of avian influenza hemagglutinin from avian-type α2,3 to human-type α2,6 receptor specificity. These viruses have not circulated among humans for more than 50 years but are still found in avian reservoirs, indicating their pandemic potential. It is known that at the beginning of a pandemic wave, viruses with α2,3 and α2,6 receptor specificities can co-circulate, and the selection of one or another isolate for the development of a better pandemic influenza vaccine should be based on strong scientific evidence. Although the vast majority of influenza vaccines are produced in chicken embryos, mammalian cell culture may be a preferred substrate for the production of pandemic influenza vaccines.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>In this study, we investigated two variants of A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) virus which differed by their receptor specificity defined by three residues in the HA1 molecule: E156, Q226, G228 for α2,3 avian-type (Sing-α2,3) and K156, L226, S228 for α2,6 human-type (Sing-α2,6) receptor specificity. We conducted serial passaging of these viruses on MDCK cells and analyzed growth properties of plaque-purified clones <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic>, as well as their immunogenicity and cross-reactivity in a mouse model.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Adaptation to MDCK cells significantly increased viral titers in MDCK cells; however, their receptor specificity was not affected. Viruses with α2,6 receptor specificity induced higher titers of homologous antibodies compared to the viruses with α2,3 receptor specificity, but these antibodies could react only with the α2,6 viruses. In contrast, antibody induced by viruses with α2,3 receptor specificity had broad reactivity against all studied viruses. Similar results were obtained for the pair of A/Leningrad/17-based H2N2 live attenuated influenza vaccines with α2,3 and α2,6 receptor specificities in experiments on Syrian hamsters.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>In the case of a new transmission of H2N2 avian influenza viruses to the human population and co-circulation of viruses with both receptor specificities, the variant with α2,3 specificity should be selected for the development of cross-reactive influenza vaccines.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Вирусы гриппа H2N2 вызвали пандемию в 1957 г. благодаря адаптации молекулы гемагглютинина от птичьего рецептора типа α2,3 к человеческому рецептору α2,6. Эти вирусы не циркулируют среди людей уже более 50 лет, но до сих пор встречаются в природном резервуаре, что указывает на их пандемический потенциал. Известно, что в начале пандемической волны вирусы с α2,3- и α2,6-рецепторной специфичностью могут циркулировать совместно и выбор того или иного изолята для разработки оптимальной пандемической гриппозной вакцины должен быть основан на убедительных научных данных. Хотя подавляющее большинство вакцин против гриппа производится с использованием развивающихся куриных эмбрионов, культура клеток млекопитающих может быть предпочтительным субстратом для производства вакцин против пандемического гриппа.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В настоящем исследовании мы изучили два варианта вируса A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2), которые отличались рецепторной специфичностью, определяемой 3 остатками в молекуле HA1: E156, Q226, G228 для α2,3 птичьего типа (Sing-α2,3) и K156, L226, S228 для α2,6 человеческого типа (Sing-α2,6) рецепторной специфичности, а также методами обратной генетики получили пару штаммов живой гриппозной вакцины H2N2 на основе донора аттенуации A/Ленинград/17 и диких вирусов A/Singapore/1/57 (H2N2) с α2,3- и α2,6-рецепторной специфичностью. Мы провели серийное пассирование этих вирусов на клетках MDCK и проанализировали ростовые свойства изолированных методом бляшек клонов <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo</italic>, а также их иммуногенность и перекрёстную реактивность в мышиной модели.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Адаптация к клеткам MDCK значительно увеличивала титры вирусов в клетках MDCK, однако на их рецепторную специфичность это не влияло. Вирусы с α2,6-рецепторной специфичностью вызывали образование более высоких титров гомологичных антител по сравнению с вирусами со специфичностью к α2,3-рецепторам, но эти антитела могли реагировать только с вирусами α2,6. Напротив, антитела, индуцированные вирусами с α2,3-рецепторной специфичностью, обладали широкой реактивностью против всех изученных вирусов. Аналогичные результаты были получены для пары штаммов живой гриппозной вакцины H2N2 на основе донора аттенуации A/Ленинград/17 с α2,3- и α2,6-рецепторной специфичностью при их изучении на сирийских хомячках.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В случае новой передачи вирусов птичьего гриппа H2N2 в человеческую популяцию и совместной циркуляции вирусов с обеими рецепторными специфичностями для создания кросс-реактивных гриппозных вакцин следует выбирать вариант с α2,3-специфичностью.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>H2N2</kwd><kwd>receptor specificity</kwd><kwd>adaptation</kwd><kwd>MDCK cells</kwd><kwd>live attenuated influenza vaccine</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа</kwd><kwd>H2N2</kwd><kwd>рецепторная специфичность</kwd><kwd>адаптация</kwd><kwd>культура клеток MDCK</kwd><kwd>живая гриппозная вакцина</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG-2025-0015</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Charostad J., Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd M., Mahmoudvand S., et al. 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