<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18802</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-620</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ppmxde</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SCIENCE AND PRACTICE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>НАУКА И ПРАКТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Preparation of conjugates based on colloidal gold nanoparticles for application in rapid detection of antibodies to hepatitis E virus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Получение конъюгатов на основе наночастиц коллоидного золота для быстрого выявления антител к вирусу гепатита Е</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-4061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alatortseva</surname><given-names>Galina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алаторцева</surname><given-names>Галина Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of cloning of viral genomes, Virology department named after O.G. Andzhaparidze</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. клонирования вирусных геномов отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе</p></bio><email>alatortseva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-3906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesterenko</surname><given-names>Lyubov N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нестеренко</surname><given-names>Любовь Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), leading researcher, Laboratory of cloning of viral genomes, Virology department named after O.G. Andzhaparidze</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук, в. н. с. лаб. клонирования вирусных геномов отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе</p></bio><email>innesterenko3001@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3483-0128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Amiantova</surname><given-names>Irina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Амиантовa</surname><given-names>Ирина Ильинична</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of cloning of viral genomes, Virology department named after O.G. Andzhaparidze</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. клонирования вирусных геномов отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе</p></bio><email>amianti@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2997-8892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pritvorova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Притворова</surname><given-names>Людмила Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, Laboratory of cloning of viral genomes, Virology department named after O.G. Andzhaparidze</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, в. н. с. лаб. клонирования вирусных геномов отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе</p></bio><email>lexx294@yandex.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5866-944X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dotsenko</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Доценко</surname><given-names>Вера Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of cloning of viral genomes, Virology department named after O.G. Andzhaparidze</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. клонирования вирусных геномов отдела вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе</p></bio><email>verramal@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-1892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Виталий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Professor, RAS Full Member, Head, Virology department named after O.G. Andzhaparidze, scientific director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, академик РАН, зав. отделом вирусологии им. О.Г. Анджапаридзе, научный руководитель</p></bio><email>vitalyzverev@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>Oksana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>Оксана Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Corresponding Member of the RAS, Head, Immunology and Allergology department, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, член-корр. РАН, зав. отделом иммунологии и аллергологии, директор</p></bio><email>svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccine and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>7</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Alatortseva G.I., Nesterenko L.N., Amiantova I.I., Pritvorova L.N., Dotsenko V.V., Zverev V.V., Svitich O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Алаторцева Г.И., Нестеренко Л.Н., Амиантовa И.И., Притворова Л.Н., Доценко В.В., Зверев В.В., Свитич О.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alatortseva G.I., Nesterenko L.N., Amiantova I.I., Pritvorova L.N., Dotsenko V.V., Zverev V.V., Svitich O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алаторцева Г.И., Нестеренко Л.Н., Амиантовa И.И., Притворова Л.Н., Доценко В.В., Зверев В.В., Свитич О.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18802">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18802</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Relevance.</bold> Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis not only in areas with low levels of water supply and hygiene, but also in industrialized countries. Rapid tests development for the infection seromarkers detection in the absence of special equipment and trained staff remains the most important problem in improving the diagnosis of hepatitis E.</p> <p><bold>Aim. </bold>To produce conjugates of recombinant ORF2 antigen of HEV genotype 3 with gold nanoparticles (GNP) of varied sizes and to evaluate their applicability in the immunoassay for the detection of antibodies to HEV.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antigen ORF2 of hepatitis E virus genotype 3, blood serum samples of people diagnosed with acute hepatitis. Synthesis of GNPs and their conjugates with recombinant antigen, enzyme immunoassay, dot immunoassay, immunochromatographic analysis, transmission electron microscopy.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Three samples of colloidal GNP were synthesized using citrate method with varied concentrations of reducing agent and were subsequently used for preparation of conjugates with recombinant antigen ORF2 of HEV genotype 3. Immunoreactivity of these conjugates was confirmed by dot-immunoassay with blood serum samples containing specific IgG. A conjugate based on a 41 nm GNP was chosen for use in immunochromatographic analysis (ICA). Optimal conditions for preparation of a multi-membrane composite, including formation of analytical and control lines and the conjugate area were identified, and test strips were developed. The obtained conjugate was tested by ICA using blood serum samples which had been subjected to preliminarily characterization by the content of the IgG antibody to HEV. High immunoreactivity of the conjugate was demonstrated. Antibodies to the virus were identified in 100% of the examined (<italic>n</italic> = 17) IgG-positive serum samples, while in negative samples (<italic>n </italic>= 17) they were absent.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The results demonstrated effectiveness of the obtained immunoreagents (recombinant antigen, antibodies, conjugate) for use in test-systems for rapid diagnosis of hepatitis E.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Вирус гепатита Е (ВГЕ) — частая причина вирусных гепатитов не только на территориях с низким уровнем водоснабжения и гигиены, но и в промышленно развитых странах. Важнейшей проблемой совершенствования системы диагностики гепатита Е остаётся разработка тестов быстрого определения серомаркеров инфекции для применения в условиях отсутствия специального оборудования и обученного персонала.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> работы — получение конъюгатов наночастиц коллоидного золота (НЧЗ) нескольких размеров с рекомбинантным антигеном ORF2 ВГЕ 3-го генотипа и оценка возможности их применения в иммуноанализе для выявления антител к ВГЕ.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Исследовали специфические поликлональные и моноклональные антитела, рекомбинантный антиген ORF2 ВГЕ 3-го генотипа, образцы сывороток крови людей с диагнозом острого гепатита. Осуществляли синтез НЧЗ и их конъюгатов с рекомбинантным антигеном, иммуноферментный анализ, дот-иммуноанализ, иммунохроматографический анализ, использовали метод просвечивающей электронной микроскопии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Цитратным методом с использованием различных концентраций восстановителя синтезированы 3 препарата НЧЗ. На их основе получены конъюгаты с рекомбинантным антигеном ORF2 ВГЕ 3-го генотипа, иммунореактивность которых подтверждена методом дот-иммуноанализа с образцами сывороток крови, содержащими специфические иммуноглобулины класса G (IgG). Для применения в иммунохроматографическом анализе отобран конъюгат на основе НЧЗ диаметром 41 нм. Отработаны условия получения мультимембранного композита, включая формирование аналитической и контрольной линий и зоны конъюгата, изготовлены тест-полоски и проведены испытания полученного конъюгата методом иммунохроматографического анализа с образцами сывороток крови, предварительно охарактеризованными по содержанию IgG-антител к ВГЕ. Показана высокая иммунореактивность полученного конъюгата: антитела к вирусу выявлены в 100% обследованных IgG-положительных проб сывороток (<italic>n</italic> = 17) и не обнаружены в отрицательных пробах (<italic>n</italic> = 17).</p> <p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Получены иммунореагенты (рекомбинантный антиген, антитела, конъюгат), которые могут быть использованы при создании тест-систем для экспресс-диагностики ВГЕ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunochromatographic assay</kwd><kwd>colloidal gold nanoparticles</kwd><kwd>recombinant antigen</kwd><kwd>hepatitis E virus</kwd><kwd>protein ORF2</kwd><kwd>IgG</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунохроматографический анализ</kwd><kwd>наночастицы коллоидного золота</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный антиген</kwd><kwd>вирус гепатита Е</kwd><kwd>белок ORF2</kwd><kwd>иммуноглобулины класса G</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Thomas D.L., Yarbough P.O., Vlahov D., et al. Seroreactivity to hepatitis E virus in areas where the disease is not endemic. J Clin. Microbiol. 1997;35(5):1244–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.35.5.1244-1247.1997</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on hepatitis E virus infection. J. Hepatol. 2018;68(6):1256–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Takahashi M., Kusakai S., Mizuo H., et al. Simultaneous detection of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM antibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) is highly specific for diagnosis of acute HEV infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2005;43(1):49–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.43.1.49-56.2005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Chandra N.S., Sharma A., Malhotra B., Rai R.R. Dynamics of HEV viremia, fecal shedding and its relationship with transaminases and antibody response in patients with sporadic acute hepatitis E. Virol. J. 2010;7:213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-7-213</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Chionne P., Madonna E., Pisani G., et al. Evaluation of rapid tests for diagnosis of acute hepatitis E. J. Clin. Virol. 2016;78:4–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2016.02.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Rosi N.L., Mirkin C.A. Nanostructures in biodiagnostics. Chem. Rev. 2005;105(4):1547–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030067f</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Jans H., Huo Q. Gold nanoparticle-enabled biological and chemical detection and analysis. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012;41(7):2849–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cs15280g</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Dykman L.A., Bogatyrev V.A. Colloidal gold in solid-phase analysis. Biochemistry (Moscow). 1997;62(4):350–6. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/leawar</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson R. The use of gold nanoparticles in diagnostics and detection. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008;37(9):2028–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b712179m</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Mulvaney P. Surface plasmon spectroscopy of nanosized metal particles. Langmuir. 1996;12(3):788–800. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la9502711</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Wilson R. The use of gold nanoparticles in diagnostics and detection. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008;37(9):2028–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b712179m</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Frens G. Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nature Phys. Sci. 1973;241(105):20–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/physci241020a0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Park J.W., Shumaker-Parry J.S. Structural study of citrate layers on gold nanoparticles: Role of intermolecular interactions in stabilizing nanoparticles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014;136(5):1907–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4097384</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Сафронова В.А., Самсонова Ж.В., Григоренко В.Г., Осипов А.П. Определение прогестерона методом латерального проточного иммуноанализа. Вестник Московского университета. Серия 2: Химия. 2012;53(5):326–34. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/puirof Safronova V.A., Samsonova J.V., Grigorenko V.G., Osipov A.P. Lateral flow immunoassay for progesterone detection. Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin. 2012;67(5):241–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0027131412050045 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/rgicvf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Алаторцева Г.И., Сидоров А.В., Нестеренко Л.Н. и др. Разработка рекомбинантного белка капсида вируса гепатита Е третьего генотипа: клонирование, экспрессия, очистка, оценка антигенных свойств. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2019;96(1):10–7. Alatortseva G.I., Sidorov A.V., Nesterenko L.N., et al. Development of hepatitis E 3 genotype recombinant protein capsid of: cloning, expression, purification, evaluation of the antigenic properties. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2019;96(1):10–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2019-1-10-17 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/hmyroi</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Khuroo M.S., Khuroo M.S., Khuroo N.S. Hepatitis E: Discovery, global impact, control and cure. World J. Gastroenterol. 2016;22(31):7030–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Kamar N., Izopet J., Pavio N., et al. Hepatitis E virus infection. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers. 2017;3:17086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.86</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Mikhailov M.I., Karlsen A.A., Potemkin I.A., et al. Geographic and temporal variability of hepatitis E virus circulation in the Russian Federation. Viruses. 2022;15(1):37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v15010037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Алаторцева Г.И., Сидоров А.В., Нестеренко Л.Н. и др. Рекомбинантный белок, содержащий антигенно-значимые фрагменты белков вируса гепатита Е, используемый в тест-системах для серодиагностики гепатита Е (варианты). Патент РФ 2711907 С2;2020. Alatortseva G.I., Sidorov A.V., Nesterenko L.N., et al. Recombinant protein containing antigen-significant fragments of hepatitis E virus proteins, used in test systems for hepatitis E serodiagnosis (embodiments). Patent RU № 2711907 C2;2020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Nakane P.K., Kawaoi A. Peroxidase-labeled antibody. A new method of conjugation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1974;22(12):1084–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/22.12.1084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Алаторцева Г.И., Лухверчик Л.Н., Нестеренко Л.Н. и др. Определение доли гепатита Е в этиологической структуре острых вирусных гепатитов в отдельных регионах Кыргызстана. Клиническая лабораторная диагностика. 2019;64(12):740–6. Alatortseva G.I., Lukhverchik L.N., Nesterenko L.N., et al. The estimation of the hepatitis E proportion in the etiological structure of acute viral hepatitis in certain regions of of Kyrgyzstan. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics. 2019;64(12):740–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-12-740-746 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ptiyxm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Давыдов В.В., Жаворонок С.В., Рогачева Т.А. и др. Распространённость антител к вирусу гепатита Е у населения регионов Республики Беларусь. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2022;99(2):160–71. Davydov V.V., Zhavoronok S.V., Rogacheva T.A., et al. Prevalence of antibodies to the hepatitis E virus in the population of the Republic of Belarus. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2022;99(2):160–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-236 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wpzhlf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Алаторцева Г.И., Доценко В.В., Нестеренко Л.Н. и др. Тест-система для выявления IgG-антител к вирусу гепатита Е (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus, Orthohepevirus A) методом линейного иммуноанализа. Вопросы вирусологии. 2020;65(3):132–42. Alatortseva G.I., Dotsenko V.V., Nesterenko L.N., et al. Line immunoassay for detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus (Hepeviridae, Orthohepevirus, Orthohepevirus A). Problems of Virology. 2020;65(3):132–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0507-4088-2020-65-3-132-142 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/svgsma</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>De Mey J., Moeremans M. The preparation of colloidal gold probes and their use as marker in electron microscopy. In: Koehler, J.K., eds. Advanced Techniques in Biological Electron Microscopy III. Berlin, Heidelberg; 1986: 229–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71135-0_6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Yao N., Wang Z.L., ed. Handbook of Microscopy for Nanotechnology. Boston; 2006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Сотников Д.В. Определение специфических антител методом иммунохроматографии: количественные закономерности и практические приложения: Автореф. дисс. … канд. хим. наук. М.;2016. Sotnikov D.V. Determination of specific antibodies by immunochromatography: quantitative patterns and practical applications: Diss. Moscow;2016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Дыкман Л.А., Богатырев В.А. Наночастицы золота: получение, функционализация, использование в биохимии и иммунохимии. Успехи химии. 2007;76(2):199–213. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/knoucz Dykman L.A., Bogatyrev V.A. Gold nanoparticles: preparation, functionalisation and applications in biochemistry and immunochemistry. Russian Chemical Reviews. 2007;76(2):181–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1070/RC2007v076n02ABEH003673 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/lkoyxr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Богачева Н.В., Смирнова Д.Н., Дармов И.В., Крупина К.А. Способ получения наночастиц коллоидного золота со средним диаметром 25-30 нм. Патент РФ 2644466 C2;2016. Bogacheva N.V., Smirnova D.N., Darmov I.V., Krupina K.A. Method for obtaining nanoparticles of colloid gold with average diameter 25–30 nm. Patent RU 2644466 C2;2016. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ckmfyd</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Zaraysky E.I. Nanogold and its conjugates in immunochromatography: synthesis, analysis, separation, conjugation with macromolecules. Eurasian Union of Scientists. 2018;(12-3):42–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31618/ESU.2413-9335.2018.3.57.42-47 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/csxzyv</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar D., Mutreja I., Sykes P. Seed mediated synthesis of highly mono-dispersed gold nanoparticles in the presence of hydroquinone. Nanotechnology. 2016;27(35):355601. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/35/355601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Mori T., Hegmann T. Determining the composition of gold nanoparticles: a compilation of shapes, sizes, and calculations using geometric considerations. J. Nanopart. Res. 2016; 18(10):295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-016-3587-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Rajasekharreddy P., Usha Rani P., Sreedhar B. Qualitative assessment of silver and gold nanoparticle synthesis in various plants: a photobiological approach. J. Nanopart. Res. 2010;12:1711–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-010-9894-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Safenkova I., Zherdev A., Dzantiev B. Factors influencing the detection limit of the lateral-flow sandwich immunoassay: a case study with potato virus X. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012;403(6):1595–605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-012-5985-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Бызова Н.А., Сафенкова И.В., Жердев А.В., Дзантиев Б.Б. Сравнительная характеристика наночастиц коллоидного золота разного диаметра как носителей и маркеров в иммунохроматографическом анализе. Естественные и технические науки. 2012;(1):62–71. Byzova N.A., Safenkova I.V., Zherdev A.V., Dzantiev B.B. A comparative analysis of colloidal gold nanoparticles of various diameters as carriers and markers in immunochromatographic assay. Natural and Technical Sciences. 2012;(1):62–71. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/owmcqx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Byzova N.A., Zvereva E.A., Zherdev A.V., et al. Rapid pretreatment-free immunochromatographic assay of chloramphenicol in milk. Talanta. 2010;81(3):843–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.01.025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Kaur K., Forrest J.A. Influence of particle size on the binding activity of proteins adsorbed onto gold nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2012;28(5):2736–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la203528u</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Sotnikov D.V., Zherdev A.V., Dzantiev B.B. Development and application of a label-free fluorescence method for determining the composition of gold nanoparticle-protein conjugates. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014;16(1):907–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms16010907</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Al-Sadeq D.W., Majdalawieh A.F., Mesleh A.G., et al. Laboratory challenges in the diagnosis of hepatitis E virus. J. Med. Microbiol. 2018;67(4):466–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000706</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Chakraborty S., Joshi P., Shanker V., et al. Contrasting effect of gold nanoparticles and nanorods with different surface modifications on the structure and activity of bovine serum albumin. Langmuir. 2011;27(12):7722–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la200787t</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
