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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18777</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-660</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UILZON</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antimicrobial resistance of <italic>Streptococcus</italic> pneumoniae strains isolated from children following immunization with a 13-valent conjugated vaccine</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Резистентность к антимикробным препаратам штаммов <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic>, выделенных у детей на фоне иммунизации 13-валентной конъюгированной вакциной</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6521-8615</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Protasova</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Протасова</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of microbiology named after Associate Professor B.M. Zelmanovich</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент каф. микробиологии им. доцента Б.М. Зельмановича</p></bio><email>ovsyanka802@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4398-5703</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Feldblium</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фельдблюм</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, Epidemiology department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. каф. эпидемиологии</p></bio><email>irinablum@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8203-328X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhareva</surname><given-names>Natalya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахарева</surname><given-names>Наталья Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Epidemiologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-эпидемиолог</p></bio><email>bakhareva@kraszdrav.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5176-6190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinovieva</surname><given-names>Ludmila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиновьева</surname><given-names>Людмила Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy chief physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заместитель главного врача</p></bio><email>lzinovieva@gdb8.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4140-4812</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulik</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулик</surname><given-names>Елена Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head, Department of medical care for children in educational institutions</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав. отд. оказания медицинской помощи детям в образовательных учреждениях</p></bio><email>kulik@gdp2krsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Perm State Medical University named after Academician E.A. Wagner</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пермский государственный медицинский университет имени академика Е.А. Вагнера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский краевой центр профилактики и борьбы со СПИД</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk City Children's Hospital No. 8</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярская городская детская больница № 8</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk City Children's Clinic No. 2</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярская городская детская поликлиника № 2</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>445</fpage><lpage>455</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-03"><day>03</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Protasovа I.N., Feldblium I.V., Bakhareva N.V., Zinovieva L.V., Kulik E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Протасова И.Н., Фельдблюм И.В., Бахарева Н.В., Зиновьева Л.В., Кулик Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Protasovа I.N., Feldblium I.V., Bakhareva N.V., Zinovieva L.V., Kulik E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Протасова И.Н., Фельдблюм И.В., Бахарева Н.В., Зиновьева Л.В., Кулик Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18777">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18777</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction. </bold>Monitoring the resistance of <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> to antimicrobials is an important component of epidemiological surveillance of pneumococcal infection, addressing the challenges of improving therapeutic approaches and containing the spread of resistance at regional and national levels.</p> <p><bold>The aim </bold>of the study is to investigate pneumococcal antibiotic resistance in preschool children following immunization with a 13-valent conjugated vaccine within the national immunization schedule.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>From 2016 to 2022, 1250 healthy children under the age of 6 from organized groups were examined. Detection of nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococcus was performed using the culture method, and serotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility was investigated using the disk diffusion method, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics in resistant isolates was determined using E-tests.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>265 isolates of <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> were studied, and resistance to antimicrobials was found in 36.6%. The proportion of resistant isolates was 33.8% in the early post-vaccination period (2016–2018) and 45.3% in the late period (2020–2022) (<italic>p</italic> = 0.097). Penicillin-resistant pneumococci were detected only in the early post-vaccination period, with a frequency of 11.4% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.005). The prevalence of macrolide-resistant isolates in the analyzed periods was 27.9% and 35.9% (<italic>p</italic> = 0.219), and those resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics were 23.4% and 17.2%, respectively (<italic>p</italic> = 0.297). The serotype composition of resistant <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> has changed: vaccine serotypes 19F, 6A, 6B, etc. (83.8%) have been replaced by non-vaccine serotypes – 15AF, 23A, etc. The proportion of vaccine serotypes in the late post-vaccination period was only 10.3%.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>Against the backdrop of child immunization against pneumococcal infection, there has been a decrease in the prevalence of pneumococci with reduced susceptibility to β-lactams. <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> resistance to macrolides remains high (35.9%). Resistant pneumococcal isolates primarily belong to serogroup 15 (15AF) and serotype 23A, which are not included in the 13-valent conjugate vaccine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Мониторинг резистентности <italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae</italic> к антимикробным препаратам (АМП) является важным компонентом эпидемиологического надзора за пневмококковой инфекцией, решающим задачи по совершенствованию терапевтических подходов и сдерживанию распространения резистентности на региональном и национальном уровнях.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>работы — исследование антибиотикорезистентности пневмококков<italic> </italic>у детей дошкольного возраста на фоне применения 13-валентной конъюгированной вакцины в рамках национального календаря профилактических прививок.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold><italic> </italic>В 2016–2022 гг. обследовано 1250 здоровых детей в возрасте до 6 лет из организованных коллективов. Выявление назофарингеального носительства пневмококка проводили культуральным методом, серотип определяли посредством полимеразной цепной реакции. Чувствительность к АМП исследовали диско-диффузионным методом, минимальную подавляющую концентрацию антибиотиков у резистентных изолятов определяли с помощью Е-тестов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold><italic> </italic>Исследовано 265 изолятов<italic> S. pneumoniae, </italic>резистентность к АМП обнаружена у 36,6%. Доля резистентных изолятов составила 33,8% в раннем поствакцинальном периоде (2016–2018 гг.) и 45,3% — в позднем (2020–2022 гг.) (<italic>p</italic> = 0,097).<italic> </italic>Пенициллинрезистентные пневмококки выявлены только в раннем поствакцинальном периоде с частотой 11,4% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,005). Распространённость изолятов, устойчивых к макролидам, в анализируемых периодах<italic> </italic>составила 27,9 и 35,9% (<italic>p</italic> = 0,219), устойчивых одновременно к 3 и более классам АМП — 23,4 и 17,2% соответственно (<italic>p</italic> = 0,297). Серотиповой состав резистентных <italic>S. pneumoniae</italic> изменился: вакцинные сероварианты 19F, 6А, 6В и др. (83,8%) сменились невакцинными — 15AF, 23А и др. Доля вакцинных серотипов в позднем поствакцинальном периоде составила лишь 10,3%.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold><italic> </italic>На фоне иммунизации детей против пневмококковой инфекции наблюдается уменьшение распространённости пневмококков со сниженной чувствительностью к β-лактамам. Устойчивость <italic>S. pneumoniae </italic>к макролидам остаётся на высоком уровне (35,9%). Резистентные изоляты пневмококка в основном относятся к серогруппе 15 (15AF) и серотипу 23А, не входящим в состав 13-валентной конъюгированной вакцины.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>serotypes</kwd><kwd>asymptomatic carriers</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Streptococcus pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>серотипы</kwd><kwd>дети-бактерионосители</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation "For the Health of Children"</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Благотворительный фонд Ростроповича–Вишневской «Во имя здоровья и будущего детей»</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>O'Reilly R., Yokoyama S., Boyle J., et al. 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