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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18755</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-643</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ONKJVE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of the protective properties of immunodominant proteins of orthopoxviruses in various methods of immunization</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование протективных свойств иммунодоминантных белков ортопоксвирусов при различных способах иммунизации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0899-8357</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zrelkin</surname><given-names>Denis I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зрелкин</surname><given-names>Денис Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>aleza4striker@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7893-8419</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zubkova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зубкова</surname><given-names>Ольга Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, в. н. с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>olga-zubkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7147-1553</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ozharovskaia</surname><given-names>Tatiana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ожаровская</surname><given-names>Татьяна Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологи</p></bio><email>t.ozh@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3248-1227</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Ольга</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>olga.popova31@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6629-744X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Дарья Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>daryavoronin2009@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1965-0482</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goldovskaya</surname><given-names>Polina P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голдовская</surname><given-names>Полина Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory assistant researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>goldovskaya00@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6272-0368</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vavilova</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вавилова</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>vavilovairinav@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5964-6045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chugunova</surname><given-names>Anastasia S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чугунова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory assistant researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаб. иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>170297_97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2548-6142</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolzhikova</surname><given-names>Inna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Должикова</surname><given-names>Инна Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of the State Virus Collection</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. государственной коллекции вирусов </p></bio><email>dolzhikova@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8518-1669</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbinin</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербинин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Laboratory of molecular biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук лаб. молекулярной биотехнологии</p></bio><email>dim284@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1289-3411</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcheblyakov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щебляков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Head, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, в. н. с., зав. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии </p></bio><email>sdmitriyv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4035-6581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Logunov</surname><given-names>Denis Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Логунов</surname><given-names>Денис Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), RAS academician, Head, Laboratory of cellular microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, академик РАН, зав. лаб. клеточной микробиологии </p></bio><email>logunov@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1769-5059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gintsburg</surname><given-names>Alexander L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гинцбург</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biol.), RAS Academician, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>gintsburg@gamaleya.org</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-01"><day>01</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Zrelkin D.I., Zubkova O.V., Ozharovskaia T.A., Popova O., Voronina D.V., Goldovskaya P.P., Vavilova I.V., Chugunova A.S., Dolzhikova I.V., Shcherbinin D.N., Shcheblyakov D.V., Logunov D.Y., Gintsburg A.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Зрелкин Д.И., Зубкова О.В., Ожаровская Т.А., Попова О., Воронина Д.В., Голдовская П.П., Вавилова И.В., Чугунова А.С., Должикова И.В., Щербинин Д.Н., Щебляков Д.В., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zrelkin D.I., Zubkova O.V., Ozharovskaia T.A., Popova O., Voronina D.V., Goldovskaya P.P., Vavilova I.V., Chugunova A.S., Dolzhikova I.V., Shcherbinin D.N., Shcheblyakov D.V., Logunov D.Y., Gintsburg A.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зрелкин Д.И., Зубкова О.В., Ожаровская Т.А., Попова О., Воронина Д.В., Голдовская П.П., Вавилова И.В., Чугунова А.С., Должикова И.В., Щербинин Д.Н., Щебляков Д.В., Логунов Д.Ю., Гинцбург А.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18755">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18755</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> In 2022, the World Health Organization declared monkeypox a public health emergency. The monkeypox virus (MPV) is part of the <italic>Orthopoxvirus</italic> genus within the <italic>Poxviridae</italic> family. During replication, orthopoxviruses produce two distinct forms of viral particles: the extracellular enveloped virion (EEV), released via exocytosis, and the intracellular mature virion (IMV), released through cell lysis. These forms differ in surface proteins composition, influencing their immunogenicity and infectivity.</p> <p><bold>Aim.</bold> To evaluate the immunogenic and protective activity of nine surface antigens of vaccinia virus.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods .</bold> Recombinant human adenoviruses type 2 (rAd2) carrying surface antigens of vaccinia virus were obtained using homologous recombination in bacteria, followed by adenoviral particle assembly in HEK293 cells. The immunogenic and protective properties of these adenoviruses were tested in BALB/c mice. The presence of antibodies to the vaccinia virus was assessed using ELISA, and survival rates were evaluated in a lethal infection model after intranasal challenge with the vaccinia virus strain Western Reserve.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The most immunogenic and protective antigens of the vaccinia virus within rAd2 were glycoprotein B5 of the EEV and membrane-associated protein H3 of the IMV, both showing 100% protective efficacy after intranasal immunization.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Using a panel of recombinant adenoviruses carrying genes of vaccinia virus surface proteins, it was shown that optimal protection is achieved using a combination of enveloped and mature virion antigens. This method could be used for development of new multivalent preparations against various viral infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Всемирная организация здравоохранения в 2022 г. объявила оспу обезьян чрезвычайной ситуацией в области здравоохранения. Вирус оспы обезьян (MPV) принадлежит к роду <italic>Orthopoxvirus</italic> семейства <italic>Poxviridae</italic>. Ортопоксвирусы во время репликации образуют 2 отдельные формы вирусных частиц: экзоцитозом выделяется оболочечный внеклеточный вирион (EEV), а зрелый внутриклеточный вирион (IMV) высвобождается в результате лизиса клеток. У этих двух форм вирионов отличаются наборы поверхностных белков, что обусловливает их различия в иммуногенности и инфекционности.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>работы — оценка иммуногенной и протективной активности 9 поверхностных антигенов вируса осповакцины.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Геномы рекомбинантных аденовирусов человека 2-го серотипа, несущих поверхностные антигены вируса осповакцины, получали методом гомологичной рекомбинации в бактериальных клетках с последующей сборкой аденовирусных частиц в клетках НЕК293. Иммуногенные и протективные свойства полученных рекомбинантных аденовирусов изучали на мышах BALB/c. Сыворотки крови после иммунизации животных исследовали методом иммуноферментного анализа на наличие антител к вирусу осповакцины. Протективные свойства оценивали на летальной модели инфекции мышей после интраназального заражения вирусом осповакцины штамма Western Reserve.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Наиболее иммуногенными и протективными антигенами вируса осповакцины в составе рекомбинантных аденовирусов человека 2-го серотипа были гликопротеин В5 оболочечного внеклеточного вириона и мембранно-ассоциированный белок Н3 зрелого внутриклеточного вириона. При изучении защитной эффективности антигенов показана 100% эффективность В5 и Н3 при интраназальной иммунизации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> При использовании панели рекомбинантных аденовирусных векторов, несущих гены поверхностных белков вируса осповакцины, показано, что оптимальная защита может быть достигнута с помощью комбинации антигенов оболочечного и зрелого вирионов. Данный подход может быть использован при разработке новых поливалентных вакцин против различных вирусных инфекций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>monkeypox virus</kwd><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>recombinant adenovirus</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>protective activity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус оспы обезьян</kwd><kwd>вирус осповакцины</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный аденовирус</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>протективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Emerson G.L., Li Y., Frace M.A., et al. The phylogenetics and ecology of the orthopoxviruses endemic to North America. PLoS One. 2009;4(10):e7666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007666</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>McInnes C.J., Wood A.R., Thomas K., et al. 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