<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18705</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-617</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ppuklt</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prevalence, spectrum, and the relations between short-term and long-term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Распространённость, спектр и взаимосвязи краткосрочных и долгосрочных последствий COVID-19 у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1960-6868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Meskina</surname><given-names>Elena R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мескина</surname><given-names>Елена Руслановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Med.), Head, Сhildren's infectious disease department, Professor, Chair of children's diseases, Postgraduate training faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, зав. отд. детских инфекций отдела терапии, профессор каф. детских болезней факультета усовершенствования врачей</p></bio><email>meskinaelena@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8293-6643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khadisova</surname><given-names>Marima K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хадисова</surname><given-names>Марима Касумовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Сhildren's infectious disease department, Therapy department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. отд. детских инфекций отдела терапии</p></bio><email>murzabekova.marina.1979@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8438-7609</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakova</surname><given-names>Anna Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушакова</surname><given-names>Анна Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Department of infectious diseases, Postgraduate training faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент каф. инфекционных болезней факультета усовершенствования врачей</p></bio><email>vaoe_08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-8402</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tselipanova</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Целипанова</surname><given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Department of children’s infections, Therapy department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. отд. детских инфекций отдела терапии</p></bio><email>elena-tselip@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0052-2867</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galkina</surname><given-names>Lidiya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галкина</surname><given-names>Лидия Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Department of children’s infections, Therapy department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. отд. детских инфекций отдела терапии</p></bio><email>lidiya140855@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-20"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Meskina E.R., Khadisova M.K., Ushakova A.Y., Tselipanova E.E., Galkina L.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Мескина Е.Р., Хадисова М.К., Ушакова А.Ю., Целипанова Е.Е., Галкина Л.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Meskina E.R., Khadisova M.K., Ushakova A.Y., Tselipanova E.E., Galkina L.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мескина Е.Р., Хадисова М.К., Ушакова А.Ю., Целипанова Е.Е., Галкина Л.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18705">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18705</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Data on the prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) in children differ due to the lack of specific diagnostic criteria, reliable biomarkers, and limitations of many studies. It is important to study the association between PCC, previous functional disorders, and any events in the post-acute period of COVID-19 to estimate the true burden of PCC in children.</p> <p><bold>The aim.</bold> To determine of the prevalence of PCC in relation to initial functional disorders in children during the year after a mild form of COVID-19 and acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) of other etiologies.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The prospective study using a continuous sampling method included children under 18 years of age hospitalized with suspected COVID-19, in whom COVID-19 was confirmed by RT-PCR (<italic>n</italic> = 121) or excluded by molecular and serological methods (ARTI group, <italic>n</italic> = 105). Information on patients was collected from September 2020 to December 2021 by questionnaires at index points: hospital discharge and after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. Severe COVID-19 and patients with chronic diseases were excluded. Functional disorders in the anamnesis and any events associated with health disorders during the year of observation, the severity of symptoms were taken into account. The analysis was performed in groups of children &lt; 6 years and ≥ 6 years of age. Symptoms were grouped into clusters.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>Any symptoms were identified with a frequency of 32–39% (in children &lt; 6 years and ≥6 years, respectively). The most common were psycho-emotional, respiratory and autonomic dysfunction (AD) cluster. Symptoms in most cases were mild with a duration of 3–6 months. After adjustment for age, AD history and recurrent ARTI episodes, no difference was found in the symptom clusters prevalence between confirmed and excluded COVID-19, except for hyposmia, the incidence of which in children ≥6 years decreased from 14.3% at the first index point to 2.4% after one year. Among patients without an AD history and without recurrent ARTI during the year,<italic> de novo</italic> PCC was a rare phenomenon (2.7–8.0%) without differences between COVID-19 and controls. The risks of PCC were significantly increased in patients with an AD history (adjusted OR at 1 month 3.19 (95% CI 1.89–5.38), at 6 months 3.33 (95% CI 1.81–6.15)). Multiple (5–25) and persistent (at all index points) symptoms rated by patients as significant occurred <italic>de novo</italic> rarely (1.7% (95% CI 0.4–4.9)), but significantly more often in children with an AD history — 25%) 95% CI 13.6–39.6%) (difference 23.3% (10.9–35.7%), OR 14.8 (4.4–50.6), <italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.001). Recurrent episodes of ARTI were an important risk factor for an increase in cognitive cluster complaints and vagotonic AD after 3–6 months of observation.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The results obtained indirectly support the concept that PCC is a somatoform functional disorder, probably of sociogenic nature, in patients who are anxious at baseline. Some patients with the COVID-19 and ARTI consequences really need medical and psychosocial rehabilitation. The study of PCC provides new insights into the consequences of widespread respiratory viral infections.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Данные о распространённости cостояния после COVID-19 (Post-COVID-19 condition, РСС) у детей различаются из-за отсутствия конкретных диагностических критериев, надёжных биомаркеров и ограничений многих проведённых исследований. Важно изучить связь между РСС, функциональными расстройствами в прошлом и любыми событиями после перенесённого COVID-19, чтобы оценить истинное бремя РСС у детей.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> — определение распространённости РСС во взаимосвязи с исходными функциональными расстройствами у детей в течение года после нетяжёлой формы COVID-19 и острой респираторной вирусной инфекции (ОРВИ) другой этиологии.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В проспективное исследование методом сплошной выборки включены дети младше 18 лет, госпитализированные в больницу с подозрением на COVID-19, у которых COVID-19 был подтверждён в полимеразной цепной реакции с обратной транскрипцией (<italic>n</italic> = 121) или исключён молекулярным и серологическим методами (группа ОРВИ; <italic>n</italic> = 105). Информация о пациентах собрана с сентября 2020 г. по декабрь 2021 г. путём анкетирования в индексных точках: при выписке из больницы и через 1, 3, 6 и 12 мес. Тяжёлые формы COVID-19 и пациенты с хроническими заболеваниями были исключены. Учитывали функциональные расстройства в анамнезе и любые события, связанные с нарушением здоровья, в течение года наблюдения, выраженность симптомов. Анализ проведён в группах детей &lt; 6 лет и ≥ 6 лет. Симптомы были сгруппированы в кластеры.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Симптомы определены с частотой 32% у детей &lt; 6 лет и 39% у детей ≥ 6 лет. Наиболее распространёнными были психоэмоциональный, респираторный кластеры и синдром вегетативных дисфункций (СВД). Симптомы в большинстве случаев были лёгкими с продолжительностью 3–6 мес. После поправки на возраст, СВД в анамнезе и повторные эпизоды ОРВИ не установлено разницы распространённости симптомов между подтверждённым и исключённым COVID-19, кроме гипосмии, частота которой у детей ≥ 6 лет уменьшилась с 14,3% при выписке из больницы до 2,4% через год. Среди пациентов без истории СВД в прошлом и без повторных ОРВИ в течение года РСС <italic>de novo</italic> было редким явлением (2,7–8,0%) без отличий между COVID-19 и ОРВИ другой этиологии. Риски РСС были существенно повышены у пациентов с СВД в анамнезе: скорректированное отношение шансов через 1 мес — 3,19 (95% ДИ 1,89–5,38), через 6 мес — 3,33 (95% ДИ 1,81–6,15). Множественные (5–25) и устойчивые (во всех индексных точках) симптомы, оценённые пациентами как существенные, возникали <italic>de novo</italic> редко — 1,7% (95% ДИ 0,4–4,9), но значительно чаще у детей с СВД в анамнезе — 25% (95% ДИ 13,6–39,6%); разница — 23,3% (10,9–35,7%); отношение шансов 14,8 (4,4–50,6); <italic>р</italic> &lt; 0,001. Повторные эпизоды ОРВИ были важным фактором риска увеличения жалоб когнитивного кластера и ваготонического СВД через 3–6 мес наблюдения.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Получены результаты, косвенно поддерживающие концепцию, в которой РСС представляет собой соматоформное функциональное расстройство, вероятно, социогенного характера у тревожных на исходном уровне пациентов. Некоторые пациенты с последствиями COVID-19 и ОРВИ действительно нуждаются в медицинской и психосоциальной реабилитации. Изучение РСС представляет новые аспекты последствий широко распространённых респираторных вирусных инфекций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>adolescents</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>post-COVID-19 condition</kwd><kwd>postacute sequelae of SARS CoV-2</kwd><kwd>long COVID-19</kwd><kwd>autonomic dysfunction</kwd><kwd>psycho-emotional disorders</kwd><kwd>somatic symptoms</kwd><kwd>somatoform disorders</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>подростки</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>состояние после COVID-19</kwd><kwd>пост-острые последствия COVID-19</kwd><kwd>длительный COVID-19</kwd><kwd>синдром вегетативной дисфункции</kwd><kwd>психоэмоциональные расстройства</kwd><kwd>соматические симптомы</kwd><kwd>соматоформное расстройство</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Московской области</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Health Ministry of the Moscow Region</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rao S., Gross R.S., Mohandas S., et al. Postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Pediatrics. 2024;153(3):e2023062570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-062570.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Stephenson T., Allin B., Nugawela M.D., et al. Long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition) in children: a modified Delphi process. Arch. Dis. Child. 2022;107(7):674–80. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-323624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Rao S., Lee G.M., Razzaghi H., et al. Clinical features and burden of post acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2022;176(10):1000–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.2800</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Hua M.J., Butera G., Akinyemi O., Porterfield D. Biases and limitations in observational studies of Long COVID prevalence and risk factors: A rapid systematic umbrella review. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0302408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0302408</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Behnood S., Newlands F., O’Mahoney L., et al. Persistent symptoms are associated with long term effects of COVID-19 among children and young people: Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled studies. PLoS One. 2023;18(12):e0293600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293600</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Lopez-Leon S., Wegman-Ostrosky T., Ayuzo Del Valle N.C., et al. Long-COVID in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Sci. Rep. 2022;12(1):9950. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13495-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Zheng Y.B., Zeng N., Yuan K., et al. Prevalence and risk factor for long COVID in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis and systematic review. J. Infect. Public Health. 2023;16(5): 660–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Schiavo M., Di Filippo P., Porreca A., et al. Potential predictors of long COVID in Italian children: a cross-sectional survey. Children (Basel). 2024;11(2):221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children11020221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ma Y., Deng J., Liu Q., et al. Long-term consequences of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2023;20(2):1613. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021613</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Joffe A.R., Elliott A. Long COVID as a functional somatic symptom disorder caused by abnormally precise prior expectations during Bayesian perceptual processing: а new hypothesis and implications for pandemic response. SAGE Open Med. 2023;11:20503121231194400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121231194400</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Xu Z., Wang W., Zhang D., et al. Excess risks of long COVID symptoms compared with identical symptoms in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with control groups. J. Glob. Health. 2024;14:05022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.14.05022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Stephenson T., Pinto Pereira S.M., Shafran R., et al. Physical and mental health 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection (long COVID) among adolescents in England (CLoCk): a national matched cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc. Health. 2022;6(4):230–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00022-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Luo D., Mei B., Wang P., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for persistent symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2024;30(3):328–35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2023.10.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Pazukhina E., Andreeva M., Spiridonova E., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of post-COVID-19 condition in adults and children at 6 and 12 months after hospital discharge: a prospective, cohort study in Moscow (StopCOVID). BMC Med. 2022;20(1):244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02448-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Чернявская А.С., Симонова О.И., Каширская Н.Ю. Особенности постковидного синдрома у детей, перенесших инфекцию в легкой форме. Медицинский совет. 2023;17(17):187–93. Chernyavskaya A.S., Simonova O.I., Kashirskaya N.Yu. Characteristics of post COVID-19 condition in children after mild COVID-19. Medical Council. 2023; 17(17):187–193. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2023-386 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wvozve</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Stephenson T., Pinto Pereira S.M., Nugawela M.D., et al. Long COVID-six months of prospective follow-up of changes in symptom profiles of non-hospitalised children and young people after SARS-CoV-2 testing: а national matched cohort study (The CLoCk) study. PLoS One. 2023;18(3):e0277704. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277704</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pinto Pereira S.M., Shafran R., Nugawela M.D., et al. Natural course of health and well-being in non-hospitalised children and young people after testing for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective follow-up study over 12 months. Lancet Reg. Health Eur. 2023;25:100554. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100554</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Pinto Pereira S.M., Nugawela M.D., Rojas N.K., et al. Post-COVID-19 condition at 6 months and COVID-19 vaccination in non-hospitalised children and young people. Arch. Dis. Child. 2023;108(4):289–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-324656</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Исаева Е.П., Зайцева О.В., Локшина Э.Э. и др. Качество жизни детей после перенесенной новой коронавирусной инфекции. Медицинский совет. 2023;17(1):198–204. Isaeva E.P., Zaytseva O.V., Lokshina E.E., et al. Quality of life in children after a new coronavirus infection. Medical Council. 2023;17(1):198–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21518/ms2022-013 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/pduzar</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Vu T.T., Nguyen K.C., Nguyen H.T., et al. Prevalence and symptom profile of long COVID among schoolchildren in Vietnam. Viruses. 2024;16(7):1021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v16071021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Robinson J.L., Le Saux N. Children and long-COVID: Do they go together? J. Assoc. Med. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. Can. 2022;7(4):300–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2022-09-26</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Chaichana U., Man K.K.C., Chen A., et al. Definition of post-COVID-19 condition among published research studies. JAMA Netw. Open. 2023;6(4):e235856. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.5856</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Goretzki S.C., Brasseler M., Dogan B., et al. High prevalence of alternative diagnoses in children and adolescents with suspected long COVID — a single center cohort study. Viruses. 2023;15(2):579. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v15020579</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Parzen-Johnson S., Katz B.Z. Navigating the spectrum of two pediatric COVID-19 complications: multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Clin. Med. 2024;13(4):1147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041147</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Lap C.R., Brackel C.L.H., Winkel A.M.A.M., et al. Post-COVID-19 condition in children: epidemiological evidence stratified by acute disease severity. Pediatr. Res. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-024-03597-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Becker R.C. Autonomic dysfunction in SARS-CoV-2 infection acute and long-term implications COVID-19 editor’s page series. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 2021;52(3):692–707. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-021-02549-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Shaw B.H., Stiles L.E., Bourne K., et al. The face of postural tachycardia syndrome — insights from a large cross-sectional online community-based survey. J. Intern. Med. 2019;286(4):438–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12895</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Woo M.S., Shafiq M., Fitzek A., et al. Vagus nerve inflammation contributes to dysautonomia in COVID-19. Acta Neuropathol. 2023;146(3):387–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-023-02612-x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Haischer M.H., Opielinski L.E., Mirkes L.M., et al. Heart rate variability is reduced in COVID-19 survivors and associated with physical activity and fatigue. Physiol. Rep. 2024;12(2):e15912. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15912</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Scala I., Rizzo P.A., Bellavia S., et al. Autonomic dysfunction during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. J. Clin. Med. 2022;11(13):3883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11133883</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Buchhorn R. Therapeutic approaches to dysautonomia in childhood, with a special focus on long COVID. Children (Basel). 2023;10(2):316. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/children10020316</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Mattei J., Teyssier G., Pichot V., et al. Autonomic dysfunction in 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus-related infection: a pediatric comparative study. Auton. Neurosci. 2011;162(1-2):77–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2011.03.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Stock C., Teyssier G., Pichot V., et al. Autonomic dysfunction with early respiratory syncytial virus-related infection. Auton. Neurosci. 2010;156(1-2):90–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2010.03.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Delogu A.B., Aliberti C., Birritella L., et al. Autonomic cardiac function in children and adolescents with long COVID: a case-controlled study. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2024;183(5):2375–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-024-05503-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Racine N., McArthur B.A., Cooke J.E., et al. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: A meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Fortuna L.R., Brown I.C., Lewis Woods G.G., Porche M.V. The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety disorders in youth: coping with stress, worry, and recovering from a pandemic. Child Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 2023;32(3):531–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2023.02.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Panchal U., Salazar de Pablo G., Franco M., et al. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: systematic review. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 2023;32(7):1151–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Terin H., Açıkel S.B., Yılmaz M.M., Şenel S. The effects of anxiety about their parents getting COVID-19 infection on children’s mental health. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2023;182(1):165–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04660-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hagan M.J., Roubinov D.R., Cordeiro A., et al. Young children’s traumatic stress reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic: the long reach of mothers’ adverse childhood experiences. J. Affect. Disord. 2022;318:130–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.061</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Horn M., Wathelet M., Amad A., et al. Persistent physical symptoms after COVID-19 infection and the risk of somatic symptom disorder. J. Psychosom. Res. 2023;166:111172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111172</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Engelmann P., Löwe B., Brehm T.T., et al. Risk factors for worsening of somatic symptom burden in a prospective cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front. Psychol. 2022;13:1022203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Tröscher A., Gebetsroither P., Rindler M., et al. High somatization rates, frequent spontaneous recovery, and a lack of organic biomarkers in post-COVID-19 condition. Brain Behav. 2024;14(10):e70087. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.70087</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Almoznino G., Gleicher D., Kharouba J., Blumer S. Olfactory and gustatory disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults: a topic review. Quintessence Int. 2023;54(10):852–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b4313291</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Liao B., Deng Y.K., Zeng M., Liu Z. Long-term consequences of COVID-19: chemosensory disorders. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2023;23(2):111–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-022-01062-x</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
