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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18703</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-616</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">zoyqjd</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of HIV-1 genetic variants and drug resistance among men with high-risk sexual behavior, Cuban citizens, living in Moscow in 2022–2024</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ генетических вариантов и лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ-1 среди мужчин с рискованным сексуальным поведением, граждан Кубы, проживающих в Москве в 2022–2024 годах</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6328-1415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lapovok</surname><given-names>Ilya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаповок</surname><given-names>Илья Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, HIV diagnostic and molecular epidemiology laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. лаб. диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>i_lapovok@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-0138</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichenko</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириченко</surname><given-names>Алина Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, HIV diagnostic and molecular epidemiology laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. лаб. диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>kirichenko@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-8021</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shlykova</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шлыкова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Вениаминовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher, HIV diagnostic and molecular epidemiology laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. лаб. диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>murzakova_a.v@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7896-2379</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kireev</surname><given-names>Dmitry E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киреев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, HIV diagnostic and molecular epidemiology laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, зав. лаб. диагностики и молекулярной эпидемиологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>dmitkireev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9484-5917</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Popova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попова</surname><given-names>Анна Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Department of specialized research laboratory for AIDS epidemiology and prevention, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Associate Professor, Department of infectious diseases, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, с. н. с. Специализированного научно-исследовательского отдела по профилактике и борьбе со СПИДом ЦНИИ Эпидемиологии, доцент каф. инфекционных болезней РМАНПО</p></bio><email>asya-med@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2677-0404</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pokrovskaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Покровская</surname><given-names>Анастасия Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Professor, Department of infectious diseases with courses of epidemiology and phthisiology, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, с. н. с. ЦНИИ Эпидемиологии, профессор каф. инфекционных болезней с курсами эпидемиологии и фтизиатрии Медицинского института РУДН им. Патриса Лумумбы</p></bio><email>pokrovskaya@cmd.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute of Epidemiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центральный научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>425</fpage><lpage>435</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-16"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-21"><day>21</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Lapovok I.A., Kirichenko A.A., Shlykova A.V., Kireev D.E., Popova A.A., Pokrovskaya A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Лаповок И.А., Кириченко А.А., Шлыкова А.В., Киреев Д.Е., Попова А.А., Покровская А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lapovok I.A., Kirichenko A.A., Shlykova A.V., Kireev D.E., Popova A.A., Pokrovskaya A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лаповок И.А., Кириченко А.А., Шлыкова А.В., Киреев Д.Е., Попова А.А., Покровская А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18703">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18703</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The characteristics of the HIV epidemic in Cuba are comparable to those of the HIV epidemic in Russia. Migration between Cuba and Russia can affect HIV-1 genetic diversity and drug resistance in Russia. The vulnerable group of men with risk sexual behavior including men who have sex with men (MSM) and commercial sex workers (CSW) deserves special attention. The <bold>aim</bold> of our study was the analysis of HIV-1 genetic variants and HIV-1 drug resistance in blood plasma samples obtained from MSM migrants from Cuba living in Moscow.</p> <p><bold>Materials</bold> <bold>and methods</bold>. A collection of blood plasma samples, epidemiological and clinical information was collected from MSM patients — migrants from Cuba, nucleotide sequences of the HIV-1 genome were obtained. HIV-1 genotyping, cluster analysis and analysis of drug resistance (DR) were carried out.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Samples and epidemiological data obtained in 2022–2024 from 27 patients were analyzed. 24/27 patients (including 12/15 suspected of infection in Moscow and all 10 — in Cuba) harbored HIV-1 variants typical for Cuba, not Russia. This indicates that 88.89% of patients were infected by their fellow citizen. DR was detected in 9 patients (33.33%; 95% CI 15.55–51.11). The most common resistance was DR to efavirenz (EFV) and nevirapine (NVP), which was associated with <italic>K103N, Y181C</italic> and <italic>P225H</italic> mutations.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The migration factor should be taken into account in HIV-1 prevention and control of HIV-spreading programs in Russia, and the genetic characteristics of HIV-1 in migrants should be taken into account in effective therapy selecting.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Эпидемия ВИЧ-инфекции на Кубе имеет свои особенности по сравнению с эпидемией в России. Миграционные потоки между Кубой и Россией способны оказать влияние на генетическое разнообразие и лекарственную устойчивость ВИЧ-1 в России. Отдельного внимания заслуживает уязвимая группа мужчин с рискованным сексуальным поведением, в частности — мужчины, практикующие секс с мужчинами (МСМ), и работники коммерческого секса.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> нашего исследования был анализ генетических вариантов ВИЧ-1 и лекарственной устойчивости ВИЧ-1 в образцах плазмы крови, полученных от мигрантов — МСМ с Кубы, проживающих в Москве.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Была собрана коллекция образцов плазмы крови, сопутствующая эпидемиологическая и клиническая информация от пациентов — МСМ с Кубы, получены нуклеотидные последовательности генома ВИЧ-1. Были проведены генотипический, кластерный анализ и анализ лекарственной устойчивости (ЛУ) ВИЧ-1.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Были проанализированы образцы и эпидданные, полученные от 27 пациентов в 2022–2024 гг. Было выявлено, что 24/27 пациентов (включая 12/15, предполагающих факт инфицирования в Москве, и 10, предполагающих инфицирование на Кубе), были инфицированы вариантами ВИЧ-1, типичными для Кубы, а не для России. Это говорит об инфицировании 88,89% пациентов их согражданином. ЛУ была выявлена у 9 (33,33%; 95% ДИ 15,55–51,11) пациентов. Наиболее часто отмечалась устойчивость к эфавирензу и невирапину, что было связано с мутациями <italic>K103N</italic>, <italic>Y181C</italic> и <italic>P225H</italic> гена обратной транскриптазы.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Фактор миграции должен учитываться в программах профилактики и противодействия распространению ВИЧ-инфекции в России, а генетические особенности ВИЧ-1 необходимо принимать во внимание при подборе эффективной терапии у мигрантов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>HIV-1</kwd><kwd>MSM</kwd><kwd>migrants</kwd><kwd>viral variant</kwd><kwd>CRF</kwd><kwd>BG-recombinants</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>cluster</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ВИЧ-1</kwd><kwd>МСМ</kwd><kwd>мигранты</kwd><kwd>вирусный вариант</kwd><kwd>CRF</kwd><kwd>BG-рекомбинанты</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>кластер</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Delatorre E., Bello G. 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