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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18682</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-582</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">rwupfs</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Enhancement of systemic and lung-localized CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell immune responses by truncation of NS1 protein of a seasonal live influenza vaccine strain</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Усиление системного и локализованного в лёгких CD4<sup>+</sup>-Т-клеточного иммунного ответа при укорочении белка NS1 штамма сезонной живой гриппозной вакцины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7247-979X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokopenko</surname><given-names>Polina I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прокопенко</surname><given-names>Полина Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8670-8645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. б. н., в. н. с. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4698-6085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matyushenko</surname><given-names>Victoria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матюшенко</surname><given-names>Виктория Аркадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev Department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н. с. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5552-9874</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rak</surname><given-names>Alexandra Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рак</surname><given-names>Александра Яковлевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. б. н., с. н. с. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9541-5636</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chistyakova</surname><given-names>Anna K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чистякова</surname><given-names>Анна Константиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory assistant, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-0171</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostromitina</surname><given-names>Arina D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костромитина</surname><given-names>Арина Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior research assistant, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-089X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kotomina</surname><given-names>Tatyana S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Котомина</surname><given-names>Татьяна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. б. н., с. н. с. отдела вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7204-7850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>Игорь Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of cellular immunology, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. б. н., зав. лаб. клеточной иммунологии отдела иммунологии</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8493-5211</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubinstein</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубинштейн</surname><given-names>Артем Аркадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory assistant, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отдела иммунологии</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9111-0755</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komlev</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комлев</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Department of general pathology and pathophysiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. отдела общей патологии и патофизиологии</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-9959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rudenko</surname><given-names>Larisa G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Руденко</surname><given-names>Лариса Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м. н., профессор, зав. отделом вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2801-1508</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isakova-Sivak</surname><given-names>Irina N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исакова-Сивак</surname><given-names>Ирина Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), RAS Corresponding Member, Head, Laboratory of immunology and prevention of viral infections, A.A. Smorodintsev department of virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. б. н, член-корреспондент РАН, зав. лаб. иммунологии и профилактики вирусных инфекций oтделa вирусологии им. А.А. Смородинцева</p></bio><email>pi.prokopenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>619</fpage><lpage>627</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-15"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-15"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Prokopenko P.I., Stepanova E.A., Matyushenko V.A., Rak A.Y., Chistyakova A.K., Kostromitina A.D., Kotomina T.S., Kudryavtsev I.V., Rubinstein A.A., Komlev A.S., Rudenko L.G., Isakova-Sivak I.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Прокопенко П.И., Степанова Е.А., Матюшенко В.А., Рак А.Я., Чистякова А.К., Костромитина А.Д., Котомина Т.С., Кудрявцев И.В., Рубинштейн А.А., Комлев А.С., Руденко Л.Г., Исакова-Сивак И.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Prokopenko P.I., Stepanova E.A., Matyushenko V.A., Rak A.Y., Chistyakova A.K., Kostromitina A.D., Kotomina T.S., Kudryavtsev I.V., Rubinstein A.A., Komlev A.S., Rudenko L.G., Isakova-Sivak I.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Прокопенко П.И., Степанова Е.А., Матюшенко В.А., Рак А.Я., Чистякова А.К., Костромитина А.Д., Котомина Т.С., Кудрявцев И.В., Рубинштейн А.А., Комлев А.С., Руденко Л.Г., Исакова-Сивак И.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18682">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18682</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> There is a large variety of licensed influenza vaccines worldwide, but their common limitation is rather narrow specificity and inability to protect against antigenic-drift variants of influenza virus. Therefore, optimization of immunogenic and cross-protective properties of licensed influenza vaccines is an urgent priority of public health agenda. One such approach is to modulate the immunogenic properties of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) by truncating the open reading frame of influenza virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1). The <bold>main objective</bold> of this study is to evaluate the immunogenic properties of the H1N1 seasonal LAIV strain by truncation of the NS1 protein to 126 amino acides.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>Using reverse genetics technique, two H1N1 LAIV strains with full-length and truncated NS1 protein with three consecutive stop codons added after the 126<sup>th</sup> amino acid residue were obtained.C57BL/6J mice were immunized intranasally with the vaccine candidates, twice at a three-week interval. Seven days after the second immunization, cells were isolated from spleen and lung tissues and stimulated with whole wild-type H1N1 influenza virus. Levels of systemic and tissue-resident cytokine-producing CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> memory T cells were assessed by intracellular cytokine staining assay with flow cytometry. Replication of engineered vaccine strains in <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> systems was also evaluated.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Truncation of NS1 protein of the LAIV strain significantly increased the levels of virus-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> effector memory T cells in spleens and the levels of CD4<sup>+</sup> tissue-resident memory T cells in lungs of mice after two-dose immunization, indicating a higher potential for protection against influenza infection of the LAIV NS<sub>126</sub> vaccine strain compared to the classical variant of LAIV. Importantly, the LAIV NS<sub>126</sub> strain also had a more pronounced attenuated phenotype in mice than its classical counterpart.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>В мире существует большое разнообразие лицензированных вакцин против гриппа, но их общими недостатками являются достаточно узкая специфичность и неспособность защищать от дрейфовых вариантов вируса. Соответственно, оптимизация иммуногенных и кросс-протективных свойств лицензированных гриппозных вакцин — актуальная задача практического здравоохранения. Одним из таких подходов является модуляция иммуногенных свойств живой гриппозной вакцины (ЖГВ) за счёт усечения рамки считывания неструктурного белка 1 вируса гриппа (NS1). Основной <bold>целью</bold> данной работы является оценка иммуногенных свойств сезонной ЖГВ подтипа H1N1 при усечении рамки считывания белка NS1 до 126 аминокислот.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Методами обратной генетики сконструированы 2 штамма ЖГВ подтипа H1N1 с полноразмерным и с усечённым белком NS1, где после 126 аминокислот добавлены 3 последовательных стоп-кодона. Мышей линии C57Bl/6J иммунизировали интраназально двукратно с 3-недельным интервалом. Через 7 дней после повторной иммунизации у мышей выделяли клетки из тканей селезёнки и лёгких, стимулировали цельным диким вирусом H1N1 и оценивали уровни системных и тканерезидентных цитокинпродуцирующих CD4<sup>+</sup>- и CD8<sup>+</sup>-Т-клеток памяти методом внутриклеточного окрашивания цитокинов. Также была проведена оценка репродукции штаммов в системах <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Укорочение белка NS1 в ЖГВ значительно повышало уровни вирусспецифических CD4<sup>+</sup>-Т-клеток эффекторной памяти в селезёнке и уровни тканерезидентных CD4<sup>+</sup>-Т-клеток в лёгких мышей после двукратной иммунизации, что указывает на более высокий потенциал защиты от гриппозной инфекции у ЖГВ с усечённым белком NS1 по сравнению с классическим вариантом ЖГВ. Важно отметить, что ЖГВ с усечённым белком NS1 также имела более выраженный аттенуированный фенотип в эксперименте на мышах, чем её классический аналог.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>live attenuated influenza vaccine</kwd><kwd>NS1 protein</kwd><kwd>memory T cells</kwd><kwd>tissue-resident memory T cells</kwd><kwd>tissue-resident memory T cells</kwd><kwd>CD4+ Т cells, CD8+ Т cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа</kwd><kwd>живая гриппозная вакцина</kwd><kwd>белок NS1</kwd><kwd>T-клетки памяти</kwd><kwd>Т-клетки эффекторной памяти</kwd><kwd>тканерезидентные T-клетки</kwd><kwd>CD4+-Т-клетки, CD8+-Т-клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG-2022-0001</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Iuliano A.D., Roguski K.M., Chang H.H., et al. 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