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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18552</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-496</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">zqbojh</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Single intranasal immunization with attenuated Wuhan-like SARS-CoV-2 provides highly effective cross-protection against Delta and Omicron variants of concern</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Однократная интраназальная иммунизация аттенуированным Ухань-подобным SARS-CoV-2 обеспечивает высокоэффективную перекрёстную защиту от заражения вариантами Delta и Omicron</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-5083</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Faizuloev</surname><given-names>Evgeny B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзулоев</surname><given-names>Евгений Бахтиерович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Applied virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia; senior lecturer, Department of virology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лаб. прикладной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова, Москва, Россия; старший преподаватель кафедры вирусологии РМАНПО</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8428-4482</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gracheva</surname><given-names>Anastasiia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Applied virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н.с. лаб. прикладной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6417-3301</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korchevaya</surname><given-names>Ekaterina R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корчевая</surname><given-names>Екатерина Романовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Applied virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. прикладной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0223-5738</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ammour</surname><given-names>Yulia I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аммур</surname><given-names>Юлия Игоревна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Oncolytic viruses laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лаб. онколитических вирусов НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7325-0834</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnova</surname><given-names>Daria I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнова</surname><given-names>Дарья Ильинична</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Applied virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. прикладной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5745-7589</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlova</surname><given-names>Darya M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлова</surname><given-names>Дарья Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Applied virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. прикладной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3300-8078</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drokov</surname><given-names>Andrey O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дроков</surname><given-names>Андрей Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>intern, Applied virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>стажер лаб. прикладной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7291-9743</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pankratov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панкратов</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Department of experimental pharmacology and toxicology, P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. отделением экспериментальной фармакологии и токсикологии МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2917-4496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trunova</surname><given-names>Galina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трунова</surname><given-names>Галина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Department of experimental pharmacology and toxicology, P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., с.н.с. отделения экспериментальной фармакологии и токсикологии МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0339-2068</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlova</surname><given-names>Varvara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлова</surname><given-names>Варвара Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Department of experimental pharmacology and toxicology, P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. отделения экспериментальной фармакологии и токсикологии МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9320-1746</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vorontsova</surname><given-names>Maria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронцова</surname><given-names>Мария Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), junior researcher, Department of experimental pharmacology and toxicology, P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., м.н.с. отделения экспериментальной фармакологии и токсикологии МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7755-2714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leneva</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ленева</surname><given-names>Ирина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Experimental virology laboratory, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., зав. лаб. экспериментальной вирусологии НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>Oksana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>Оксана Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Corresponding Member of RAS, Director, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia; Professor, Department of microbiology, virology and immunology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, член-корр. РАН, директор НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова, Москва, Россия; профессор каф. микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии Медико-профилактического факультета Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-2246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Виталий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Prof., Academician of RAS, Scientific director, I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia; Head, Department of microbiology, virology and immunology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель НИИВС им. И.И. Мечникова, Москва, Россия; Заведующий кафедрой микробиологии, вирусологии и иммунологии Медико-профилактического факультета Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт имени П.А. Герцена</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>51</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-07"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-07"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Faizuloev E.B., Gracheva A.V., Korchevaya E.R., Ammour Y.I., Smirnova D.I., Khokhlova D.M., Drokov A.O., Pankratov A.A., Trunova G.V., Khokhlova V.A., Vorontsova M.S., Leneva I.A., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Файзулоев Е.Б., Грачева А.В., Корчевая Е.Р., Аммур Ю.И., Смирнова Д.И., Хохлова Д.М., Дроков А.О., Панкратов А.А., Трунова Г.В., Хохлова В.А., Воронцова М.С., Ленева И.А., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Faizuloev E.B., Gracheva A.V., Korchevaya E.R., Ammour Y.I., Smirnova D.I., Khokhlova D.M., Drokov A.O., Pankratov A.A., Trunova G.V., Khokhlova V.A., Vorontsova M.S., Leneva I.A., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Файзулоев Е.Б., Грачева А.В., Корчевая Е.Р., Аммур Ю.И., Смирнова Д.И., Хохлова Д.М., Дроков А.О., Панкратов А.А., Трунова Г.В., Хохлова В.А., Воронцова М.С., Ленева И.А., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18552">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18552</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Despite the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, the problem of vaccine prevention of this disease appears highly relevant. The emergence and widespread distribution of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VOC) and its sublineages has dramatically reduced the efficacy of vaccination. The possible approach to solving this problem is to develop a nasal live attenuated vaccine capable of activating humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated immunity, providing a prolonged immune response and cross-protection against different VOCs.</p> <p>The <bold>aim</bold> of the study was to determine the immunization efficacy with attenuated cold-adapted Wuhan-like SARS-CoV-2 D-D2 strain against homologous and heterologous challenges.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study was conducted on an animal model of coronavirus pneumonia in golden Syrian hamsters. The efficacy of immunization was assessed by comparing the dynamics of weight, viral load in organs and histopathological changes in the lungs in immunized and unimmunized animals.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Single intranasal immunization of golden Syrian hamsters with D-D2 strain showed its high immunogenicity: seroconversion was evident in all immunized animals. Wuhan-like D-D2 strain provides highly effective protection of hamsters against the development of productive infection and pneumonia when challenged both with ancestral virus and heterologous strains related to Delta (AY.122) and Omicron (sublineages BA.1.1 and BA.5.2) variants.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> SARS-CoV-2 attenuation is a promising strategy for the development of a highly effective nasal live COVID-19 vaccine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Несмотря на окончание пандемии COVID-19, проблема вакцинопрофилактики этого заболевания сохраняет актуальность. Появление и широкое распространение варианта SARS-CoV-2 Omicron и его сублиний привело к резкому снижению эффективности вакцинопрофилактики COVID-19. Возможным подходом к решению этой проблемы является разработка назальной живой аттенуированной вакцины, способной активировать гуморальный, мукозальный и клеточно-опосредованный иммунитет, обеспечивая стойкий иммунный ответ и перекрёстную защиту от различных антигенных вариантов вируса.</p> <p><bold>Целью</bold> исследования была оценка эффективности иммунизации аттенуированным холодоадаптированным Ухань-подобным штаммом SARS-CoV-2 D-D2 при гомологичном и гетерологичном заражении.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Исследование проведено на животной модели коронавирусной пневмонии на основе золотистых сирийских хомячков. Эффективность иммунизации оценивали путём сравнения динамики веса, вирусной нагрузки в органах и гистопатологических изменений лёгких у иммунизированных и неиммунизированных животных.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Однократная интраназальная иммунизация золотистых сирийских хомячков штаммом D-D2 показала его высокую иммуногенность: сероконверсия проявилась у всех иммунизированных животных. Аттенуированный Ухань-подобный штамм D-D2 обеспечивал высокоэффективную защиту хомячков от развития продуктивной инфекции и пневмонии при заражении как родительским вирусом, так и гетерологичными штаммами, относящимися к вариантам Delta (AY.122) и Omicron (сублинии BA.1.1 и BA.5.2).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Аттенуация SARS-CoV-2 является перспективной стратегией для разработки высокоэффективной назальной живой вакцины против COVID-19.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>live attenuated COVID-19 vaccine</kwd><kwd>cold-adapted SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>immunization efficacy</kwd><kwd>intranasal immunization</kwd><kwd>heterologous challenge</kwd><kwd>cross-protective immune response</kwd><kwd>golden Syrian hamsters</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>живая аттенуированная вакцина против COVID-19</kwd><kwd>холодоадаптированный SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>эффективность иммунизации</kwd><kwd>интраназальная иммунизация</kwd><kwd>гетерологичное заражение</kwd><kwd>перекрёстная протективная активность</kwd><kwd>золотистые сирийские хомячки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-25-00146</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Минобнауки России</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Education and Science of Russia</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Feikin D.R., Higdon M.M., Abu-Raddad L.J., et al. 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