<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18551</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-512</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">feqcvb</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the current state of pharmaceutical development of anti-staphylococcal prophylactic drugs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка современного состояния фармацевтической разработки противостафилококковых профилактических препаратов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3787-269X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Builova</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буйлова</surname><given-names>Ирина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharm.), chief expert</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. фарм. н., главный эксперт</p></bio><email>builova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8527-2157</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savkina</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савкина</surname><given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), chief expert</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. б. н., главный эксперт</p></bio><email>builova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2272-2621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sayapina</surname><given-names>Lidiya V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саяпина</surname><given-names>Лидия Васильевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), chief expert</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д. м. н., главный эксперт</p></bio><email>builova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2003-1264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivykh</surname><given-names>Maxim A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривых</surname><given-names>Максим Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharm.), Deputy Head, Department for expertise of antibacterial medical immunobiological preparations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к. фарм. н., зам. начальника Управления по экспертизе противобактериальных медицинских иммунобиологических препаратов</p></bio><email>builova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7729-9800</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Obukhov</surname><given-names>Yury I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Обухов</surname><given-names>Юрий Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head, Department for expertise of antibacterial medical immunobiological preparations</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>начальник Управления по экспертизе противобактериальных медицинских иммунобиологических препаратов</p></bio><email>builova@expmed.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>560</fpage><lpage>572</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-07"><day>07</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Builova I.A., Savkina M.V., Sayapina L.V., Krivykh M.A., Obukhov Y.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Буйлова И.А., Савкина М.В., Саяпина Л.В., Кривых М.А., Обухов Ю.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Builova I.A., Savkina M.V., Sayapina L.V., Krivykh M.A., Obukhov Y.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Буйлова И.А., Савкина М.В., Саяпина Л.В., Кривых М.А., Обухов Ю.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18551">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18551</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Infection caused by <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> is the most common infection leading to the development of serious complications in humans. <italic>S. aureus</italic> is among the highly lethal bacteremia-associated pathogens with a mortality rate of approximately 18% in industrial countries; in developing countries, the rate is even higher, up to 27%.</p> <p>One of the most striking and challenging aspects of clinical manifestations caused by <italic>S. aureus</italic> is the ability of the bacterium to develop resistance to antibiotics. The development of alternative treatment options for staphylococcal infection is urgently needed. The use of immunotherapy and immunoprophylaxis to activate the anti-infection immune response in patients should be considered as a promising direction.</p> <p><bold>Objective:</bold> to analyze the main trends in the development of vaccines aimed at the prevention of <italic>S. aureus</italic> infection and its virulence factors.</p> <p>The present review discusses vaccine development in recent years aimed at preventing infection caused by <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Particular attention is paid to pathogenicity factors (such as capsule, surface proteins and enzymes) that may be useful for the development of new candidate vaccines or immune therapeutics. In recent years, numerous clinical trials of candidate vaccines based on different antigens, taking into account particularly relevant <italic>S. aureus</italic> pathogenicity factors that influence morbidity, have not been successful due to their low efficacy or insufficiently substantiated safety (development of adverse events). One of the most important factors constraining vaccine development is the lack of successful translation of vaccine protective activity, which is observed in preclinical studies in experimental models but not confirmed in clinical trials.</p> <p>Therefore, according to numerous researchers, the use of multiple antigens in vaccine formulations should be considered with the focus on different mechanisms of <italic>S. aureus</italic> pathogenicity and the use of adjuvants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Инфекция, вызванная <italic>Staphylococcus aureus,</italic> является самой распространённой, приводящей к развитию серьёзных осложнений у человека.<italic> S. aureus</italic> относится к высоколетальным патогенам при бактериемии со смертностью примерно 18% в благополучных странах и до 27% — в развивающихся.</p> <p>Одним из самых поразительных и сложных аспектов клинических проявлений, вызванных <italic>S. aureus</italic>, считается способность бактерии вырабатывать устойчивость к антибиотикам. Своевременной необходимостью является разработка альтернативных способов лечения стафилококковой инфекции. Перспективным направлением следует рассматривать применение иммунотерапии и иммунопрофилактики для активации противоинфекционного иммунного ответа у пациентов.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> обзора — анализ основных тенденций в разработке вакцин, направленных на профилактику инфекций, вызываемых <italic>S. aureus,</italic> и факторов вирулентности<italic> S. aureus</italic>.</p> <p>В обзоре рассмотрены проводимые в последние годы разработки лекарственных препаратов, направленные на профилактику и лечение инфекций, вызываемых <italic>S. aureus</italic>. Особое внимание уделяется факторам патогенности (капсула, поверхностные белки и ферменты), которые могут быть полезны для создания новых вакцин-кандидатов или иммунных терапевтических средств. За последние годы проведение многочисленных клинических исследований кандидатов-вакцин, созданных на основе различных антигенов, с учётом особо значимых факторов патогенности стафилококка, оказывающих влияние на заболеваемость, не увенчались успехом из-за их низкой эффективности или недостаточно обоснованной безопасности (развитие нежелательных явлений). Одним из важнейших факторов, сдерживающих разработку вакцины, является отсутствие успешной трансляции протективности вакцины, которая наблюдается в доклинических исследованиях на экспериментальных моделях, но не подтверждается в клинических исследованиях.</p> <p>Таким образом, по мнению многочисленных исследователей, необходимо рассматривать использование в составе вакцин несколько антигенов, сосредоточив внимание на различных механизмах патогенности <italic>S. aureus</italic>, включая использование адъювантов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anti-staphylococcal vaccines</kwd><kwd>prophylaxis</kwd><kwd>staphylococcal infections</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>противостафилококковые вакцины</kwd><kwd>профилактика</kwd><kwd>стафилококковые инфекции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124022200103-5</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Jahantigh H.R., Faezi S., Habibi M., et al. The candidate antigens to achieving an effective vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccines (Basel). 2022;10(2):199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020199</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lowy F.D. Staphylococcus aureus infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998;339(8):520–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199808203390806</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Brook I., Frazier E.H. Clinical features and aerobic and anaerobic microbiological characteristics of cellulitis. Arch. Surg. 1995;130(7):786–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1995.01430070108024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Diekema D.J., Pfaller M.A., Schmitz F.J., et al. Survey of infections due to Staphylococcus species: frequency of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates collected in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific region for the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997-1999. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2001;32(Suppl. 2):S114–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/320184</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Spellberg B., Daum R. Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus. Semin. Immunopathol. 2012;34(2):335–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-011-0293-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Wisplinghoff H., Bischoff T., Tallent S.M., et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2004;39(3):309–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/421946</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Scheuch M., Freiin von Rheinbaben S., Kabisch A., et al. Staphylococcus aureus colonization in hemodialysis patients: a prospective 25 months observational study. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):153. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1332-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Liu C., Bayer A., Cosgrove S.E., et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2011;52(3):e18–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciq146</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Wang S.Y., Bu R., Zhang Q., et al. Clinical, pathological, and prognostic characteristics of glomerulonephritis related to staphylococcal infection. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(15):e3386. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000003386</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Clegg J., Soldaini E., McLoughlin R.M., et al. Staphylococcus aureus vaccine research and development: the past, present and future, including novel therapeutic strategies. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:705360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.705360</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Eshwara V.K., Munim F., Tellapragada C., et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in an Indian tertiary care hospital: observational study on clinical epidemiology, resistance characteristics, and carriage of the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2013;17(11):e1051–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.06.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Sit P.S., Teh C.S., Idris N., et al. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection and the molecular characteristics of MRSA bacteraemia over a two-year period in a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. BMC Infect. Dis. 2017; 17(1):274. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2384-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report: 2022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Chen W. Current advances and challenges in the development of Acinetobacter vaccines. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2015;11(10):2495–500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1052354</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Chiarella P., Massi E., De Robertis M., et al. Recent advances in epitope design for immunotherapy of cancer. Recent. Pat. Anticancer. Drug Discov. 2009;4(3):227–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/157489209789206922</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Gilbert I. Dissociation in an encapsulated Staphylococcus. J. Bacteriol. 1931;21(3):157–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.21.3.157-160.1931</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>O'Riordan K., Lee J.C. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharides. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2004;17(1):218–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/cmr.17.1.218-234.2004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Crossley K.B., Jefferson K.K., Archer G.L., Fowler V.G. Jr. Staphylococci in Human Disease. Hoboken;2009:109–204.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Jansen K.U., Girgenti D.Q., Scully I.L., Anderson A.S. Vaccine review: "Staphyloccocus aureus vaccines: problems and prospects". Vaccine. 2013;31(25):2723–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.04.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Giersing B.K., Dastgheyb S.S., Modjarrad K., Moorthy V. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine. 2016;34(26):2962–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Scully I.L., Liberator P.A., Jansen K.U., Anderson A.S. Covering all the bases: preclinical development of an effective Staphylococcus aureus vaccine. Front. Immunol. 2014;5:109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Falugi F., Kim H.K., Missiakas D.M., Schneewind O. Role of protein A in the evasion of host adaptive immune responses by Staphylococcus aureus. mBio. 2013;4(5):e00575–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00575-13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Clarke S.R., Foster S.J. Surface adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus. Adv. Microb. Physiol. 2006;51:187–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2911(06)51004-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Foster T.J., Geoghegan J.A., Ganesh V.K., Höök M. Adhesion, invasion and evasion: the many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2014;12(1):49–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3161</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Ortega M.P., Hagiwara T., Watanabe H., Sakiyama T. Factors affecting adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to stainless steel surface. Jap. J. Food Eng. 2008; 9: 251–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>O'Brien L., Kerrigan S.W., Kaw G., et al. Multiple mechanisms for the activation of human platelet aggregation by Staphylococcus aureus: roles for the clumping factors ClfA and ClfB, the serine-aspartate repeat protein SdrE and protein A. Mol. Microbiol. 2002;44(4):1033–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02935.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Loughman A., Fitzgerald J.R., Brennan M.P., et al. Roles for fibrinogen, immunoglobulin and complement in platelet activation promoted by Staphylococcus aureus clumping factor A. Mol. Microbiol. 2005;57(3):804–18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04731.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Heilmann C., Niemann S., Sinha B., et al. Staphylococcus aureus fibronectin-binding protein (FnBP)-mediated adherence to platelets, and aggregation of platelets induced by FnBPA but not by FnBPB. J. Infect. Dis. 2004;190(2):321–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/421914</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Shinji H., Yosizawa Y., Tajima A., et al. Role of fibronectin-binding proteins A and B in in vitro cellular infections and in vivo septic infections by Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Immun. 2011;79(6):2215–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00133-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou H., Xiong Z.Y., Li H.P., et al. An immunogenicity study of a newly fusion protein Cna-FnBP vaccinated against Staphylococcus aureus infections in a mice model. Vaccine. 2006;24(22):4830–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.020</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Yu W., Yao D., Yu S., et al. Protective humoral and CD4+ T cellular immune responses of Staphylococcus aureus vaccine MntC in a murine peritonitis model. Sci. Rep. 2018;8(1):3580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22044-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Frenck R.W. Jr., Creech C.B., Sheldon E.A., et al. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a 4-antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (SA4Ag): results from a first-in-human randomised, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 study. Vaccine. 2017;35(2):375–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Grumann D., Nübel U., Bröker B.M. Staphylococcus aureus toxins — their functions and genetics. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2014;21:583–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.03.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Otto M. Staphylococcus aureus toxins. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2014;17:32–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Berube B.J., Bubeck Wardenburg J. Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin: nearly a century of intrigue. Toxins (Basel). 2013;5(6):1140–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins5061140</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Genestier A.L., Michallet M.C., Prévost G., et al. Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin directly targets mitochondria and induces Bax-independent apoptosis of human neutrophils. J. Clin. Invest. 2005;115(11):3117–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci22684</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Diep B.A., Chan L., Tattevin P., et al. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes mediate Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine leukocidin-induced lung inflammation and injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010;107(12):5587–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912403107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Kaito C., Saito Y., Nagano G., et al. Transcription and translation products of the cytolysin gene psm-mec on the mobile genetic element SCCmec regulate Staphylococcus aureus virulence. PLoS Pathog. 2011;7(2):e1001267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1001267</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Denayer S., Delbrassinne L., Nia Y., Botteldoorn N. Food-borne outbreak investigation and molecular typing: high diversity of Staphylococcus aureus strains and importance of toxin detection. Toxins (Basel). 2017;9(12):407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9120407</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Roussel S., Felix B., Vingadassalon N., et al. Staphylococcus aureus strains associated with food poisoning outbreaks in France: comparison of different molecular typing methods, including MLVA. Front. Microbiol. 2015;6:882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00882</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Дмитренко О.А., Балбуцкая А.А., Скворцов В.Н. Особенности экологии, патогенные свойства и роль представителей группы Staphylococcus intermedins в инфекционной патологии животных и человека. Молекулярная генетика, микробиология и вирусология. 2016;34(3):83–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18821/0208-0613-2016-34-3-83-89 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xbjtbb Dmitrenko O.A., Balbutskaya A.A., Skvortsov V.N. Ecological features, pathogenic properties, and role of staphylococcus intermedius group representatives in animal and human infectious pathology. Molecular Genetics, Microbiology and Virology. 2016;31(3):117–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3103/S0891416816030034 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yvarhz</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Mariutti R.B., Tartaglia N.R., Seyffert N., et al. Exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. In: The Rise of Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. IntechOpen;2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/66528</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>McAdow M., Missiakas D.M., Schneewind O. Staphylococcus aureus secretes coagulase and von Willebrand factor binding protein to modify the coagulation cascade and establish host infections. J. Innate Immun. 2012;4(2):141–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000333447</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Fattom A., Schneerson R., Watson D.C., et al. Laboratory and clinical evaluation of conjugate vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa recombinant exoprotein A. Infect. Immun. 1993;61(3):1023–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.61.3.1023-1032.1993</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Fattom A., Schneerson R., Szu S.C., et al. Synthesis and immunologic properties in mice of vaccines composed of Staphylococcus aureus type 5 and type 8 capsular polysaccharides conjugated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A. Infect. Immun. 1990;58(7):2367–74. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.58.7.2367-2374.1990</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson A.S., Miller A.A., Donald R.G., et al. Development of a multicomponent Staphylococcus aureus vaccine designed to counter multiple bacterial virulence factors. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2012;8(11):1585–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.21872</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Stach C.S., Vu B.G., Merriman J.A., et al. Novel tissue level effects of the Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin gene cluster are essential for infective endocarditis. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0154762. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154762</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kuklin N.A., Clark D.J., Secore S., et al. A novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine: iron surface determinant B induces rapid antibody responses in rhesus macaques and specific increased survival in a murine S. aureus sepsis model. Infect. Immun. 2006;74(4):2215–23. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.4.2215-2223.2006</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Harro C.D., Betts R.F., Hartzel J.S., et al. The immunogenicity and safety of different formulations of a novel Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (V710): results of two Phase I studies. Vaccine. 2012;30(9):1729–36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.045</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Paling F.P., Olsen K., Ohneberg K., et al. Risk prediction for Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection following cardiothoracic surgery: a secondary analysis of the V710-P003 trial. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0193445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193445</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Giersing B.K., Dastgheyb S.S., Modjarrad K., Moorthy V. Status of vaccine research and development of vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus. Vaccine. 2016;34(26):2962–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.110</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Scully I.L., Timofeyeva Y., Illenberger A., et al. Performance of a four-antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine in preclinical models of invasive S. aureus disease. Microorganisms. 2021;9(1):177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010177</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Hassanzadeh H., Baber J., Begier E., et al. Efficacy of a 4-antigen Staphylococcus aureus vaccine in spinal surgery: The STaphylococcus aureus suRgical Inpatient Vaccine Efficacy (STRIVE) randomized clinical trial. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2023;77(2):312–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad218</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Levy J., Licini L., Haelterman E., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational 4-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine with or without AS03B adjuvant: results of a randomized phase I trial. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2015;11(3):620–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1011021</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Mancini F., Monaci E., Lofano G., et al. One dose of Staphylococcus aureus 4C-staph vaccine formulated with a novel TLR7-dependent adjuvant rapidly protects mice through antibodies, effector CD4+ T Cells, and IL-17A. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147767. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147767</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Torre A., Bacconi M., Sammicheli C., et al. Four-component Staphylococcus aureus vaccine 4C-staph enhances Fcγ receptor expression in neutrophils and monocytes and mitigates S. aureus infection in neutropenic mice. Infect. Immun. 2015;83(8):3157–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00258-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Wacker M., Wang L., Kowarik M., et al. Prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections by glycoprotein vaccines synthesized in Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Dis. 2014;209(10):1551–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit800</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Chen W.H., Pasetti M.F., Adhikari R.P., et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a parenterally administered, structure-based rationally modified recombinant Staphylococcal enterotoxin B protein vaccine, STEBVax. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2016;23(12):918–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00399-16</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Karauzum H., Venkatasubramaniam A., Adhikari R.P., et al. IBT-V02: A multicomponent toxoid vaccine protects against primary and secondary skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Immunol. 2021;12:624310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.624310</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Huda T., Nair H., Theodoratou E., et al. An evaluation of the emerging vaccines and immunotherapy against staphylococcal pneumonia in children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(Suppl 3):S27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-s3-s27</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Zeng H., Yang F., Feng Q., et al. Rapid and broad immune efficacy of a recombinant five-antigen vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus infection in animal models. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(1):134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8010134</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Pozzi C., Olaniyi R., Liljeroos L., et al. Vaccines for Staphylococcus aureus and target populations. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2017;409:491–528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2016_54</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>DuMont A.L., Torres V.J. Cell targeting by the Staphylococcus aureus pore-forming toxins: it's not just about lipids. Trends. Microbiol. 2014;22(1):21–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.10.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Camussone C.M., Reidel I.G., Molineri A.I., et al. Efficacy of immunization with a recombinant S. aureus vaccine formulated with liposomes and ODN-CpG against natural S. aureus intramammary infections in heifers and cows. Res. Vet. Sci. 2022;145:177–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Ефремова В.Н., Егорова Н.Б., Масюкова С.А. Бесклеточная антистафилококковая вакцина для лечения хронической стафилококковой инфекции. Патент РФ № 2122862; 1998. Efremova V.N., Egorova N.B., Masjukova S.A. Cell-free antistaphylococcus vaccine for treatment of patients with chronic staphylococcus infection. Patent RF № 2122862; 1998. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zmcgld</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Егорова Н.Б., Ефремова В.Н., Курбатова Е.А., Грубер И.М. Экспериментальная и клинико-иммунологическая оценка бесклеточной стафилококковой вакцины «Стафиловак». Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2008;(6):102–108. Egorova N.В., Efremovа V.N., Kurbatova E.A., Crubеr I.M. Experimental, clinical and immunologic assessment of acellular staphylococcal vaccine «Staphylovac». Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2008;(6):102–108. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/jwdtmj</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Грубер И.М., Егорова Н.Б., Курбатова Е.А., Михайлова Н.А. Стратегия разработки противостафилококковых иммунопрофилактических и иммунотерапевтических препаратов. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. Актуальные вопросы. 2013;(4):31–8. Gruber I.M., Egorova N.B., Kurbatova E.A., Mikhailova N.A. Strategy for design of antistaphylococcal drugs for immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. Current Items. 2013;(4):31–8. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/rruqvn</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Karauzum H., Datta S.K. Adaptive immunity against Staphylococcus aureus. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 2017;409:419–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/82_2016_1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Parker D., Ryan C.L., Alonzo F. 3rd, et al. CD4+ T cells promote the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. J. Infect. Dis. 2015;211(5):835–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu525</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Горенков Д.В., Комаровская Е.И., Солдатов А.А. и др. Современные нормативные требования к проведению доклинических исследований профилактических вакцин. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2023;23(1):7–25. Gorenkov D.V., Komarovskaya E.I., Soldatov A.A., et al. Current regulatory requirements for non-clinical evaluation of prophylactic vaccines. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2023;23(1):7–25. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-1-7-25</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
