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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18520</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-487</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">kjnhyg</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Development of a technique for molecular typing of <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic> strains using new VNTR and INDEL markers</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Разработка методики молекулярного типирования штаммов <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic> с использованием новых VNTR- и INDEL-маркеров</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7033-9972</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57223328514</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">Q-7273-2016</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8878-3299</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechkovskii</surname><given-names>Grigorii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печковский</surname><given-names>Григорий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с., лаб. сибирской язвы </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8163-1300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremenko</surname><given-names>Evgeny I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еременко</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, principal researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., г.н.с., лаб. сибирской язвы </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-784X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanova</surname><given-names>Alla G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанова</surname><given-names>Алла Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. лаб. сибирской язвы </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-6790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisarenko</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писаренко</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), leading researcher, Laboratory of biochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.х.н., в.н.с., лаб. биохимии </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9152-4026</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapakov</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шапаков</surname><given-names>Николай Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of biochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с., лаб. биохимии </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-3112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aksenova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксенова</surname><given-names>Людмила Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с., лаб. сибирской язвы </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-898X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., н.с., лаб. сибирской язвы </p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-880X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timchenko</surname><given-names>Lyudmila D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимченко</surname><given-names>Людмила Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Vet.), Professor, principal researcher, Interdepartmental scientific and educational laboratory of experimental immunomorphology, immunopathology and immunobiotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.вет.н., проф., г.н.с. межкафедральной научно-образовательной лаборатории экспериментальной иммуноморфологии, иммунопатологии и иммунобиотехнологии</p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-3949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulichenko</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куличенко</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of RAS, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>grigorii.pechkovskii@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ставропольский противочумный институт Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Caucasus Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Кавказский федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-07-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>362</fpage><lpage>371</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-12"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Pechkovskii G.A., Eremenko E.I., Ryazanova A.G., Pisarenko S.V., Shapakov N.A., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V., Timchenko L.D., Kulichenko A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Печковский Г.А., Еременко Е.И., Рязанова А.Г., Писаренко С.В., Шапаков Н.А., Аксенова Л.Ю., Семенова О.В., Тимченко Л.Д., Куличенко А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pechkovskii G.A., Eremenko E.I., Ryazanova A.G., Pisarenko S.V., Shapakov N.A., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V., Timchenko L.D., Kulichenko A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Печковский Г.А., Еременко Е.И., Рязанова А.Г., Писаренко С.В., Шапаков Н.А., Аксенова Л.Ю., Семенова О.В., Тимченко Л.Д., Куличенко А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18520">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18520</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. <italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic>, the pathogen of a particularly dangerous zoonotic disease known as anthrax, requires strict epidemiological control and is characterized by high genetic homogeneity, which necessitates the development of genotyping methods.</p> <p><bold>The aim </bold>of the study were to to find and characterize the VNTR and INDEL loci of <italic>B. anthracis</italic> and to develop on their basis a genotyping technique by PCR with electrophoretic detection of the results.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Marker search and phylogenetic analysis were performed on a sample of 388 genomes of <italic>B. anthracis</italic> strains, 322 from the GenBank collection (RefSeq) and 66 from the collection of the Stavropol Anti-Plague Institute of Rospotrebnadzor. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the basis of SNP crustal alignment using the Parsnp program. The search for markers was carried out using the Mauve program and author's scripts in Python. PCR was performed using a ScreenMix-HS kit (CJSC "Eurogen", Russia).</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> Genomic variations of <italic>B. anthracis</italic> strains (SNP — 25,664, SNR — 14,387, VNTR — 693, INDEL — 14,667) were found, bioinformatic analysis of which revealed nine new VNTR and six INDEL molecular markers most suitable for genotyping. The genetic (allelic) variants of the markers are described. Primers were selected for the found markers and a PCR protocol with detection by electrophoresis in agarose gel was developed. When typing using VNTR markers was applied, the strains were divided into nine clusters: A.Br.Ames, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Aust94, A.Br.005/006, A.Br.008/009 (Tsiankovskii), A.Br.008/009 (STI), A.Br.008/009 (A.Br.125), A.Br.008/009 (strain 228/269), B.Br.001/002. When typing using INDEL markers, the strains were divided into six clusters: A.Br.Ames, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Aust94, A.Br.008/009(Tsiankovskii), B.Br.001/002(B.Br.014), as well as a cluster comprising several genetic lineages: A.Br.008/009 (STI), A.Br.008/009 (A.Br.125), A.Br.005/006 и B.Br.001/002.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The use of the developed methodology for the identification of variable VNTR and INDEL loci makes it possible to reliably determine the phylogenetic position of <italic>B. anthracis</italic> strains and is promising for use in the epidemiological investigation of anthrax outbreaks.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold><italic>Bacillus anthracis</italic> — возбудитель особо опасного зооноза сибирской язвы —<italic> </italic>отличается высокой генетической однородностью, что вызывает необходимость совершенствования методов генотипирования.</p> <p><bold>Целями </bold>исследования были поиск, описание VNTR- и INDEL-локусов <italic>B. anthracis</italic> и разработка на их основе методики генотипирования посредством полимеразной цепной реакции (ПЦР) с электрофоретической детекцией результатов.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Поиск VNTR- и INDEL-маркеров и филогенетический анализ выполняли на выборке из 388 геномов штаммов <italic>B. anthracis</italic>: 322 из GenBank (RefSeq) и 66 — из коллекции Ставропольского противочумного института. Филогенетический анализ проводили на основе SNP корового выравнивания с помощью программы «Parsnp». Поиск маркеров осуществляли с использованием программы «Mauve» и авторских скриптов на языке Python. ПЦР выполняли с помощью набора «ScreenMix-HS».</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Найдены геномные вариации штаммов <italic>B. anthracis</italic> (SNP — 25 664, SNR — 14 387, VNTR — 693, INDEL — 14 667), биоинформатический анализ которых позволил выявить 9 новых VNTR и 6 INDEL молекулярных маркеров, наиболее подходящих для генотипирования. Описаны генетические (аллельные) варианты маркеров. Для найденных маркеров подобраны праймеры и разработан протокол ПЦР c детекцией методом электрофореза в агарозном геле. В результате кластеризации при типировании с использованием VNTR-маркеров штаммы разделялись на 9 кластеров: A.Br.Ames, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Aust94, A.Br.005/006, A.Br.008/009 (Tsiankovskii), A.Br.008/009 (STI), A.Br.008/009 (A.Br.125), A.Br.008/009 (штамм 228/269), B.Br.001/002. При типировании с применением INDEL-маркеров штаммы разделялись на 6 кластеров: A.Br.Ames, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Aust94, A.Br.008/009 (Tsiankovskii), B.Br.001/002(B.Br.014), а также кластер, включающий представителей нескольких генетических групп: A.Br.008/009 (STI), A.Br.008/009 (A.Br.125), A.Br.005/006 и B.Br.001/002.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Использование разработанной методики идентификации вариабельных VNTR- и INDEL-локусов позволяет достоверно определять филогенетическое положение штаммов <italic>B. anthracis</italic> и перспективно для применения в процессе эпидемиологического расследования вспышек сибирской язвы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>VNTR</kwd><kwd>INDEL</kwd><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>whole genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>VNTR</kwd><kwd>INDEL Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>филогенетический анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Harrell L.J., Andersen G.L., Wilson K.H. 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