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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18507</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-483</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">lnznoj</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Polymorphism of spore germination receptor genes in Bacillus anthracis strains of major genetic lineages</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Полиморфизм генов рецепторов герминации спор у штаммов Bacillus anthracis основных генетических линий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1117-1185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremenko</surname><given-names>Evgeny I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еременко</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., chief scientist, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, г.н.с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5196-784X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazanova</surname><given-names>Alla G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанова</surname><given-names>Алла Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), Head, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., зав. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7033-9972</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pechkovskii</surname><given-names>Grigorii A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Печковский</surname><given-names>Григорий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. сибирской язвы </p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-6790</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pisarenko</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Писаренко</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), leading researcher, Laboratory of biochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.х.н., в.н.с. лаб. биохимии</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9366-5647</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovalev</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chem.), Head, Laboratory of biochemistry</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.х.н., зав. лаб. биохимии</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7744-3112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aksenova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксенова</surname><given-names>Людмила Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., с.н.с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0274-898X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenova</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенова</surname><given-names>Ольга Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Anthrax laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., н.с. лаб. сибирской язвы</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9362-3949</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulichenko</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куличенко</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Prof., Academician of RAS, Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН, д.м.н., профессор, директор</p></bio><email>ejer@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Stavropol Plague Control Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ставропольский противочумный институт</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>237</fpage><lpage>247</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-24"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eremenko E.I., Ryazanova A.G., Pechkovskii G.A., Pisarenko S.V., Kovalev D.A., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V., Kulichenko A.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Еременко Е.И., Рязанова А.Г., Печковский Г.А., Писаренко С.В., Ковалев Д.А., Аксенова Л.Ю., Семенова О.В., Куличенко А.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eremenko E.I., Ryazanova A.G., Pechkovskii G.A., Pisarenko S.V., Kovalev D.A., Aksenova L.Y., Semenova O.V., Kulichenko A.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Еременко Е.И., Рязанова А.Г., Печковский Г.А., Писаренко С.В., Ковалев Д.А., Аксенова Л.Ю., Семенова О.В., Куличенко А.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18507">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18507</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The genetic structure of the global population of Bacillus anthracis characterized by an unequal distribution of isolates of the main genetic lineages A, B and C, the reason for which is unknown. Determining the characteristics of genes encoding factors that determine the existence of this pathogen at the intra- and extra organismal stages of the life cycle, which can influence the prevalence of strains, is relevant.</p> <p>Aim — сharacterization of the genes and proteins of spore germination in strains of the anthrax pathogen of different genetic lineages.</p> <p>Materials and methods. Whole genome sequences of 46 B. anthracis strains and the CI strain of B. cereus biovar anthracis from the NCBI GenBank database studied. In silico analysis carried out using the programs “BLASTn”, “MEGA X”, “Tandem Repeat Finder”.</p> <p>Results. The number of SNPs, indels and pseudogenes in B. anthracis strains of line B was 2,7–25,6 times higher, in line C 2–23,5 times, and in the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain was 20–2841 times higher than in strains of line A. Significant substitutions in genes leading to changes in the amino acid composition of 10 germination receptor proteins were also significantly more common in B. anthracis strains of lines B, C and the B. cereus biovar anthracis strain.</p> <p>Undescribed VNTRs within the gerHA gene with repeat units of 78 and 117 bp identified, varying between and within isolates of different genetic lineages. Six germination receptor genes have been shown to have rare starting codons.</p> <p>Conclusion. A larger number of non-synonymous SNPs in the genes of spore germination receptors with changes in the amino acid composition of proteins in B. anthracis strains of the main genetic lines B, C and B. cereus biovar anthracis than in strains of line A suggests their limited adaptive capabilities and may be one of the explanations for the lower prevalence compared to line A. Differences in the gerHA and gerM genes make it possible to differentiate the major B and C genetic lineages from A.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Генетическая структура глобальной популяции Bacillus anthracis характеризуется неравной распространённостью изолятов основных генетических линий A, B и C, причина которой не установлена. Актуально определение особенностей генов, кодирующих факторы, определяющие существование этого патогена на внутри- и внеорганизменной стадиях жизненного цикла, которые могут влиять на распространённость штаммов.</p> <p>Цель работы — характеристика генов и белков герминации спор у штаммов B. anthracis разных генетических линий.</p> <p>Материалы и методы. Изучены полногеномные последовательности 46 штаммов B. anthracis и штамма CI B. cereus biovar anthracis из базы данных GenBank NCBI. Анализ in silico проводили в программах «BLASTn», «MEGA X», «Tandem Repeat Finder».</p> <p>Результаты. Количество однонуклеотидных полиморфизмов (SNP), инделов и псевдогенов у штаммов B. anthracis линии B было больше в 2,7–25,6 раза, линии C — в 2,0–3,5 раза, а у штамма B. cereus biovar anthracis — в 20–2841 раз, чем у штаммов линии A. Значимые замены в генах, приводящие к изменению аминокислотного состава 10 белков рецепторов герминации, также значительно чаще встречались у штаммов B. anthracis линий B, С и штамма B. cereus biovar anthracis.</p> <p>Идентифицированы неописанные VNTR в пределах гена gerHA с единицей повтора 78 и 117 п.н. и SNP в гене gerM, варьирующие между и внутри изолятов разных генетических линий. Показано, что 6 генов рецепторов герминации имеют редкие стартовые кодоны.</p> <p>Заключение. Большее количество несинонимичных SNP в генах рецепторов герминации спор c изменением аминокислотного состава и, вероятно, функции белков у штаммов B. anthracis основных генетических линий B, С и B. cereus biovar anthracis, чем у штаммов линии A, может определять их ограниченные адаптационные возможности и быть одним из объяснений меньшей распространённости по сравнению с линией A. Различия в генах gerHA и gerM позволяют дифференцировать основные генетические линии B и C от A.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>genetic lineages</kwd><kwd>genes and proteins of spore germination receptors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bacillus anthracis</kwd><kwd>генетические линии</kwd><kwd>гены и белки рецепторов герминации спор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Van Ert M.N., Easterday W.R., Huynh L.Y., et al. Global genetic population structure of Bacillus anthracis. PLoS One. 2007;2(5):e461. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000461</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Sahl J.W., Pearson T., Okinaka R., et al. 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