<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">18500</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-481</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">OPXPGY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Human blood granulocyte degranulation and lysis intensity during interaction with <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> in the <italic>ex vivo</italic> model of bacteriemia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интенсивность дегрануляции и лизиса гранулоцитов крови человека при взаимодействии с <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> на модели бактериемии <italic>ex vivo</italic></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9016-6578</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kravtsov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кравцов</surname><given-names>Александр Леонидович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), leading researcher, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, в. н. с. отд. иммунологии</p></bio><email>kravzov195723@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7548-4845</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bugorkova</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бугоркова</surname><given-names>Светлана Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), chief researcher, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, г. н. с. отд. иммунологии</p></bio><email>rusrapi@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5550-6063</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyueva</surname><given-names>Svetlana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюева</surname><given-names>Светлана Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, н. с. отд. иммунологии</p></bio><email>klyueva.cvetlana@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5891-6028</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmelkova</surname><given-names>Tatyana P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмелькова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Петровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), senior researcher, Department of educational programs and specialist training</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, с. н. с. отд. образовательных программ и подготовки специалистов</p></bio><email>training@microbe.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7267-7027</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozhevnikov</surname><given-names>Vitaly A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кожевников</surname><given-names>Виталий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м. н. с. отд. иммунологии</p></bio><email>787868@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Anti-Plague Institute "Microbe"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский противочумный институт «Микроб» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>102</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>80</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kravtsov A.L., Bugorkova S.A., Klyueva S.N., Shmelkova T.P., Kozhevnikov V.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Кравцов А.Л., Бугоркова С.А., Клюева С.Н., Шмелькова Т.П., Кожевников В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kravtsov A.L., Bugorkova S.A., Klyueva S.N., Shmelkova T.P., Kozhevnikov V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кравцов А.Л., Бугоркова С.А., Клюева С.Н., Шмелькова Т.П., Кожевников В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18500">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/18500</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Considering the decisive role of antibacterial strategies of secretory degranulation and NETosis in the prevention of sepsis, it is of interest to study the interaction of <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> with human blood granulocytes using an <italic>ex vivo</italic> bacteremia model to assess the effectiveness of this antibacterial strategy of the host organism in plague.</p> <p><bold>Purpose:</bold> evaluation of granulocyte degranulation and lysis in human whole blood samples in the presence of live <italic>Y. pestis.</italic></p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> Bacteremia was modeled by adding <italic>Y. pestis</italic> EV NIIEG cells grown at 37<sup>о</sup>C or 28<sup>о</sup>C to whole blood (with heparin) at a dose of 10<sup>8 </sup>mc/mL. Strains <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ATCC 6538 (209-P) and <italic>Escherichia</italic> <italic>coli</italic> ATCC 25922 were used in experiments with blood from the same donors as a positive control. The bactericidal effect was determined at different time points during blood incubation at 37<sup>о</sup>C (for 6 hours) using a microbiological method. Using flow cytometry, immunophenotyping of leukocytes was performed in the blood according to the Lyse/No-Wash protocol to determine the expression of the main leukocyte antigen CD45 and the secretory azurophilic degranulation marker CD63 on the surface of the granulocytes. The intensity of granulocyte lysis was assessed by the decrease in the proportion of these cells in the total leukocyte population.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> It has been established that live plague microbes, unlike <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic>, do not cause the development of azurophilic degranulation in human blood granulocytes and do not induce autolysis (NETosis) of these cells within 6 hours when bacteremia is modeled <italic>ex vivo</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. Information was obtained on the ability of the plague microbe to suppress the extracellular bactericidal mechanisms of granulocytes in the blood of people not vaccinated against plague, which effectively function under conditions of bacteremia against <italic>E. coli</italic> and <italic>S. aureus</italic>. An experimental and methodological basis has been prepared for further research with blood cells from donors vaccinated against plague in order to develop new effective tests for assessing the intensity of acquired cellular anti-plague immunity in humans.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> С учётом решающей роли антибактериальных стратегий секреторной дегрануляции и нетоза в предотвращении сепсиса, представляет интерес изучение взаимодействия <italic>Yersinia pestis</italic> c гранулоцитами крови человека на модели бактериемии <italic>ex vivo</italic> для оценки эффективности этих стратегий при чуме<italic>.</italic></p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>работы — оценка дегрануляции и лизиса гранулоцитов в образцах цельной крови человека в присутствии живых <italic>Y. pestis.</italic></p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Бактериемию моделировали добавлением в цельную кровь (с гепарином) клеток аттенуированного штамма <italic>Y. pestis </italic>EV НИИЭГ, выращенных при 37<sup>о</sup>С либо 28<sup>о</sup>С, в дозе 10<sup>8</sup> м.к./мл. Штаммы <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> ATCC 6538 (209-P) и <italic>Escherichia coli </italic>ATCC 25922 использовали в опытах с кровью тех же доноров в качестве положительного контроля. Бактерицидный эффект определяли в различные сроки инкубации крови при 37<sup>о</sup>С (в течение 6 ч) микробиологическим методом. С помощью проточной цитометрии в крови проводили иммунофенотипирование лейкоцитов по Lyse/No-Wash протоколу для определения экспрессии на поверхности гранулоцитов основного лейкоцитарного антигена CD45 и маркера секреторной азурофильной дегрануляции CD63. Интенсивность лизиса гранулоцитов оценивали по снижению доли этих клеток в суммарной лейкоцитарной популяции.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Установлено, что живые клетки чумного микроба, в отличие от <italic>E. coli </italic>и <italic>S. aureus, </italic>не приводят к развитию азурофильной дегрануляции в гранулоцитах крови человека и в течение 6 ч не индуцируют аутолизис (нетоз) этих клеток при моделировании бактериемии <italic>ex vivo</italic>.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>На модели чумной бактериемии <italic>ex vivo</italic> впервые получена информация, свидетельствующая о том, что в крови не привитых против чумы людей не работают механизмы внеклеточной бактерицидности гранулоцитов, эффективно функционирующие в условиях бактериемии в отношении <italic>E. coli </italic>и<italic> S. aureus. </italic>Подготовлена экспериментально-методическая основа для дальнейших исследований с клетками крови привитых против чумы доноров с целью разработки новых эффективных тестов оценки напряжённости приобретённого клеточного противочумного иммунитета.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd><kwd>ex vivo bacteremia model</kwd><kwd>neutrophil</kwd><kwd>neutrophil azurophilic degranulations</kwd><kwd>NETosis</kwd><kwd>leukocyte elastase</kwd><kwd>leukocyte immunophenotyping</kwd><kwd>flow cytometry</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Yersinia pestis</kwd><kwd>Escherichia coli</kwd><kwd>Staphylococcus aureus</kwd><kwd>модель бактериемии ex vivo</kwd><kwd>нейтрофилы</kwd><kwd>азурофильная дегрануляция нейтрофилов</kwd><kwd>нетоз</kwd><kwd>лейкоцитарная эластаза</kwd><kwd>иммунофенотипирование лейкоцитов</kwd><kwd>проточная цитометрия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of RF</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>АААА-А21-121012090064-0</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Домарадский И.В. Очерки патогенеза чумы. М.;1966. Domaradskiy I.V. Essays on the Pathogenesis of Plague. Moscow;1966.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Lathem W.W., Crosby S.D., Miller V.L., Goldman W.E. Progression of primary pneumonic plague: a mouse model of infection, pathology, and bacterial transcriptional activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102(49):17786–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506840102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Подладчикова О.Н. Современные представления о молекулярных механизмах патогенеза чумы. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2017;(3):33–40. Podladchikova O.N. Modern views on molecular mechanisms of plague pathogenesis. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections. 2017;(3):33–40. DOI: https://doi.org./10.21055/0370-1069-2017-3-33-40 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zhgvxr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Silva M.T., Silva Pestana N.T. The in vivo extracellular life of intracellular parasites: role in pathogenesis. Immunobiology. 2013;18(3):325–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2012.05.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Eichelberger K.R., Jones G.S., Goldman W.E. Inhibition of neutrophil primary granule release during Yersinia pestis pulmonary infection. mBio. 2019;10(6):e02759-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02759-19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Eisele N., Lee-Lewis H., Besch-Williford C., et al. Chemokine receptor CXCR2 mediates bacterial clearance rather than neutrophil recruitment in a murine model of pneumonic plague. Am. J. Pathol. 2011;178(3):1190–200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.067</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Spinner J.L., Seo K.S., O'Loughlin J.L., et al. Neutrophils are resistant to Yersinia YopJ/P-induced apoptosis and are protected from ROS-mediated cell death by the Type III secretion system. PLoS One. 2010;5(2):e9279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0009279</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Stasulli N.M., Eichelberger K.R., Price P.A., et al. Spatially distinct neutrophil responses within the inflammatory lesions of pneumonic plague. mBio. 2015;6(5):e01530-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01530-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Spinner J.L., Cundiff J.A., Kobayashi S.D. Yersinia pestis type III secretion system-dependent inhibition of human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. Infect. Immun. 2008;76(8):3754–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI. 000385-08</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Silva M.T. Bacteria-induced phagocyte secondary necrosis as a pathogenicity mechanism. J. Leukoc. Biology. 2010;88(5):885–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0410205</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Zerimech F., Jourdain M., Ouraed B., et al. Protease-antiprotease imbalance in patients with severe COVID-19. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2021;59(8):e330–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2021-0137</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Morrissay S., Geller A.E., Hu X., et al. A specific low-density neutrophil population correlates with hypercoagulation and disease severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. JCI Insight. 2021;6(9):e148435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.148435</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Zwack E.E., Chen Z., Delvin J.C., et al. Staphylococcus aureus induces a muted host response in human blood that blunts the recruitment of neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2022;119(31): e2123017119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2123017119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>МсDonald B., Urrutia R., Yipp B.G., et al. Intravascular neutrophil extracellular traps capture bacteria from bloodstream during sepsis. Cell Host Microbe. 2012;12(3):324–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Исачкова Л.М., Плехова Н.Г. К развитию представлений об антиинфекционной резистентности. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. 2002;(1):11–5. Isachkova L.M., Plekhova N.G. To the development of ideas about anti-infective resistance. Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases. 2002;(1):11–5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kravtsov A.L., Bolyleva E.V., Grabenyukova T.P., et al. Flow microfluorometric analysis of phagocyte degranulation in bacteria infected whole blood cell cultures. In: Proceedings of Saratov Fall Meeting 2001: Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine. Volume 4707. Saratov;2002:395–402. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.475607</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Eichelberger K.R., Goldman W.E. Human neutrophil isolation and degranulation responses to Yersinia pestis infection. In: Vadyvaloo V., Lawreuz M., eds. Pathogenic Yersinia. Methods in Molecular Biology. New York;2019:197–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9541-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Dudte S.C., Hinnebusch B.J., Shannon J.G. Characterization of Yersinia pestis interactions with human neutrophils in vitro. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiology. 2017;7:358–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2017.00358</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Gal Y., Marcus H., Mamroud E., Aloni-Grinstein R. Mind the gap — a perspective on strategies for protecting against bacterial infections during the period from infection to eradication. Microorganisms. 2023;11(7):1701. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11071701</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Granger V., Peyneau M., Chollet-Martin S., de Chaisemartin L. Neutrophil extracellular traps in autoimmunity and allergy: immune complexes at work. Front. Immunol. 2019;10:2824. DOI: https://doi.org/10. 3389/fimmu.2019.02824</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Jönsson F., Mancardi D.A., Albanesi M., Bruhns P. Neutrophils in local and systemic antibody-dependent inflammatory and anaphylactic reactions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2013;94(4):643–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1212623</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Tang A.H., Brunn G.J., Cascalho M., Platt J.L. Pivotal advance: endogenous pathway to SIRS, sepsis and related conditions. J. Leukoc. Biol. 2007;82(2):282–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.1206752</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lee-Lewis H., Anderson D. Absence of inflammation and pneumonia during infection with non-pigmented Yersinia pestis reveals new role for the pgm locus in pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 2010;78(1):220–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00559-09</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Шмелькова Т.П., Кравцов А.Л., Щуковская Т.Н. и др. Влияние биологических свойств чумного микроба на развитие апоптоза лейкоцитов крови человека в системе in vitro. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2007;(1):85–9. Shmelkova T.P., Kravtsov A.L., Shchukovskaya T.N., et al. Effects of Yersinia pestis biologic characteristics on the development of human human blood leukocyte apoptosis in the in vitro system. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections. 2007;(1):85–9. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/icabrv</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Кравцов А.Л., Бугоркова С.А., Клюева С.Н. и др. Оценка изменений фенотипа, интенсивности дегрануляции, гибели и лизиса нейтрофилов при моделировании ex vivo стафилококковой бактериемии. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2023;100(4):293–305. Kravtsov A.L., Bugorkova C.A., Klyueva S.N., et al. Assessment of changes in the phenotype, intensity of degranulation, death and lysis of neutrophils in ex vivo modeling of Staphylococcal bacteriemia. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2023;100(4):293–305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-384 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/qgughr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Vera E.J., Chew Y.V., Nicholson L., et al. Standartization of flow cytometry for whole blood immunophenotyping of islet transplant and transplant clinical trial recipients. PLoS One. 2019;14(5):e0217163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal pone.0217163</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Bassøe C.F., Solberg C.O. Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by human leukocytes: quantitation by a flow cytometric and a microbiological method. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand. C. 1984;92(1):43–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1984.tb00050.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Källquist L., Hansson M., Persson A.M., et al. The tetraspanin CD63 is involved in granule targeting of neutrophil elastase. Blood. 2008;112(8):3444–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-10-116285</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Zeng W., Song Y., Wong R., et al. Neutrophil elastase: From mechanisms to therapeutic potential. J. Pharm. Anal. 2023;13(4):335–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2022.12.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Weinrauch Y., Drujan D., Shapiro S.D., et al. Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria. Nature. 2002;417(6884):91–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/417091a</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Shi J., Gantz T. The role of protegrins and other elastase-activated polypeptides in the bactericidal properties of porcine inflammatory fluids. Infect. Immunity. 1998;66(8):3611–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.8.3611-3617.1998</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Papayannopoulos V., Metzler K.D., Hakkim A., Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J. Cell Biol. 2010;191(3):677–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201006052</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Kravtsov A.L., Grebenyukova T.P., Bobyleva E.V., et al. Flow cytofluorometric assay of human whole blood leukocyte DNA degradation in response to Yersinia pestis and Staphylococcus aureus. In: Proceedings of Saratov Fall Meeting 2001: Optical Technologies in Biophysics and Medicine. Volume 4241. Saratov;2001:260–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.431530</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Traganos F., Darzynkiewicz Z. Lysosomal proton pump activity: supravital cell staining with acridine orange differentiates leukocyte subpopulations. Methods Cell Biol. 1994;41:185–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-679x(08)61717-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Abrams W.R., Diamond L.W., Kane A.B. A flow cytometric assay of neutrophil degranulation. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1983;31(6):737–44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/31.6.6404983</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Montminy S.W., Khan N., McGrath S., et al. Virulence factors of Yersinia pestis are overcome by a strong lipopolysaccharide response. Nat. Immunol. 2006;7(10):1066–73. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1386</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Owen C.A., Campbell M.A., Sunnes P.L., et al. Cell surface-bound elastase and cathepsin G on human neutrophils: a novel, non-oxidative mechanism by which neutrophils focus and preserve catalytic activity of serine proteases. J. Cell Biol. 1995;131(3):775–89. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.131.3.775</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Landoni V.I., Chiarella P., Martire-Greco D., et al. Tolerance to lipopolysaccharide promotes an enhanced neutrophil extracellular traps formation leading to a more efficient bacterial clearance in mice. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2012;168(1):153–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04560.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Кравцов А.Л., Гончарова А.Ю., Бугоркова С.А. и др. Формирование нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушек при моделировании чумной инфекции у мышей, иммунизированных Yersinia pestis EV НИИЭГ. Проблемы особо опасных инфекций. 2020;(4):70–4. Kravtsov A.L., Goncharova A.Yu., Bugorkova S.A., et al. Formation of neutrophil extracellular traps when modeling plague infection in mice immunized with Yersinia pestis EV NIIEG. Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections. 2020;(4):70–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2020-4-70-74 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ovzjoe</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Khodoun M.V., Strait R., Armstrong L., et al. Identification of markers that distinguish IgE- from IgG-mediated anaphylaxis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011;108(30):12413–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1105695108</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
