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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16587</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-436</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">qlerjf</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of humoral and cellular immunity following the immunization of C57Bl/6 mice with a prototype of the inactivated Chikungunya vaccine</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение гуморального и клеточного иммунитета при иммунизации мышей линии C57Bl/6 прототипом инактивированной вакцины Чикунгунья</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2491-4072</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Otrashevskaia</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Отрашевская</surname><given-names>Елена Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>leading researcher, Laboratory of molecular biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>в.н.с. лаб. молекулярной биотехнологии</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8446-1853</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaa</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каа</surname><given-names>Константин Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of molecular biology of viruses</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н.с. лаб. молекулярной биологии вирусов</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8600-7347</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oksanich</surname><given-names>Alexey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оксанич</surname><given-names>Алексей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., в.н.с. лаб. молекулярной биотехнологии</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9161-064X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murashko</surname><given-names>Nikita V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мурашко</surname><given-names>Никита Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of molecular biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. молекулярной биотехнологии</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0732-9314</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kusliy</surname><given-names>Alexander G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куслий</surname><given-names>Александр Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), quality director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., директор по качеству</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2765-3525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasko</surname><given-names>Anatoliy G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красько</surname><given-names>Анатолий Геннадиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Med.), leading researcher, Republican collection of pathogenic biological agents</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., в.н.с. Республиканской коллекции патогенных биологических агентов</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5808-2246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Виталий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, RAS Full Member, scientifical director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор академик РАН, научный руководитель</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9731-3681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatyev</surname><given-names>George M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатьев</surname><given-names>Георгий Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, main expert, Laboratory of molecular biotechnology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, г.н.с. лаб. молекулярной биотехнологии</p></bio><email>e.v.otrashevskaja@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and- Biological Products</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научный центр исследования и разработки иммунобиологических препаратов имени М.П. Чумакова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vector-Bialgam</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">«Вектор-Биальгам»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Scientific-Practical Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республиканский научно-практический центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>193</fpage><lpage>207</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-08-30"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Otrashevskaia E.V., Kaa K.V., Oksanich A.S., Мurashko N.V., Кusliy A.G., Krasko A.G., Zverev V.V., Ignatyev G.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Отрашевская Е.В., Каа К.В., Оксанич А.С., Мурашко Н.В., Куслий А.Г., Красько А.Г., Зверев В.В., Игнатьев Г.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Otrashevskaia E.V., Kaa K.V., Oksanich A.S., Мurashko N.V., Кusliy A.G., Krasko A.G., Zverev V.V., Ignatyev G.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Отрашевская Е.В., Каа К.В., Оксанич А.С., Мурашко Н.В., Куслий А.Г., Красько А.Г., Зверев В.В., Игнатьев Г.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16587">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16587</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Chikungunya virus infection is a problem for the health care system of affected regions due to the lack of specific prevention, as well as effective antiviral drugs. The critical role of cellular immunity in viral control and clearance for the Chikungunya fever has been demonstrated in many studies. Therefore, effective stimulation of not only humoral but also cellular immunity is of undeniable importance when assessing the effectiveness of a potential vaccine for the prevention of this infection.</p> <p>The aim of the present study was to investigate the formation of protective immunity after administration of a drug containing inactivated Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) to C57Bl/6 mice.</p> <p>Materials and methods. Inactivated CHIKV (concentrations of 10 μg and 40 μg) was administered intramuscularly to C57Bl/6 mice twice with an interval of 14 days. Indicators of humoral immunity were assessed by ELISA and neutralization test (NT), cellular immunity — by the production of IFN-γ and splenocyte proliferation in vitro. The concentration of cytokines IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF was determined by ELISA. When assessing the protective immunity in animals, CHIKV was injected into the dorsal surface of the foot of the right hind paw at a dose of 2.89 ± 0.10 lg TCD50 in a volume of 20 μl.</p> <p>Results. The most pronounced immune response was noted to the administration of 40 μg of inactivated CHIKV, which was manifested in the balanced production of the studied cytokines, the formation of specific humoral (according to the results of ELISA and NT) and cellular — specific proliferation of splenocytes in vitro and production of IFN-γ. When assessing efficacy, the development of foot edema in immunized animals was significantly lower than in animals in the control group.</p> <p>Discussion. CHIKV, inactivated by beta-propiolactone, had pronounced immunogenic properties. The balance of production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the Th1/Th2 immune response, characterized the formation of adaptive immunity in mice without a pronounced inflammatory response. The formation of a specific humoral and cellular immune response has been demonstrated. A study of protection in a non-lethal animal model confirmed the efficacy of the inactivated vaccine.</p> <p>Conclusion. Double administration of the inactivated CHIKV vaccine at a dose of 40 μg to C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated pronounced immunogenicity, which allows us to evaluate it as a promising prophylactic vaccine.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Введение. Вирусная инфекция Чикунгунья является проблемой для системы здравоохранения эндемичных для этой инфекции регионов из-за отсутствия специфической профилактики и эффективных противовирусных препаратов. Доказана критическая роль клеточного иммунитета для контроля и клиренса вируса при лихорадке Чикунгунья. Эффективная стимуляция не только гуморального, но и клеточного иммунитета имеет неоспоримое значение при оценке эффективности потенциальной вакцины для профилактики данной инфекции.</p> <p>Цель настоящей работы — изучение формирования протективного иммунитета после введения мышам линии C57Bl/6 препарата, содержащего инактивированный вирус Чикунгунья (ЧИКВ).</p> <p>Материалы и методы. ЧИКВ (концентрации 10 и 40 мкг) вводили мышам внутримышечно дважды с интервалом 14 дней. Показатели гуморального иммунитета оценивали в иммуноферментном анализе и реакции нейтрализации, клеточного — по продукции интерферона-γ и пролиферации спленоцитов in vitro. Концентрацию цитокинов (интерлейкина-1, -2, -6, -10, -12p70 и фактора некроза опухоли) определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. При оценке протективной активности животным в дорсальную поверхность стопы правой задней лапы вводили ЧИКВ в дозе 2,89 ± 0,10 lg ТЦД50 в объёме 20 мкл.</p> <p>Результаты. Наиболее выраженный иммунный ответ отмечен на введение 40 мкг инактивированного ЧИКВ, что проявлялось в сбалансированной продукции исследованных цитокинов, формировании специфического гуморального и клеточного иммунитета. При оценке протективности отёк стопы у иммунизированных животных был достоверно ниже, чем у животных контрольной группы.</p> <p>Обсуждение. Инактивированный бета-пропиолактоном ЧИКВ обладал выраженными иммуногенными свойствами. Баланс продукции про- и противовоспалительных цитокинов, а также Th1/Th2-иммунного ответа характеризовал формирование адаптивного иммунитета у мышей без выраженной воспалительной реакции. Продемонстрировано формирование специфического гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа. Исследование протективности в нелетальной модели животных подтвердило эффективность инактивированного препарата.</p> <p>Заключение. Двукратное введение мышам линии C57Bl/6 инактивированного препарата ЧИКВ в дозе 40 мкг продемонстрировало иммуногенность, что позволяет оценить его как перспективный профилактический препарат.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inactivated Chikungunya virus</kwd><kwd>mice C57Bl/6</kwd><kwd>humoral immunity</kwd><kwd>cell immunity</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инактивированный вирус Чикунгунья</kwd><kwd>мыши линии C57Bl/6</kwd><kwd>гуморальный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>клеточный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">RSF</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">РНФ</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-14-00184</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Weaver S.C., Lecuit M. 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