<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16566</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-421</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">xsaecy</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The cell cultures in virology: from the past to the future</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клеточные культуры в вирусологии: от прошлого к будущему</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4315-6959</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>Tatyana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), main researcher, Laboratory of diagnostic preparates, G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., г.н.с. лаб. диагностических препаратов, НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова</p></bio><email>takuznets@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2760-9778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Besednova</surname><given-names>Natalia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Беседнова</surname><given-names>Наталия Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of RAS, main researcher, Laboratory of diagnostic preparates, G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., академик РАН, г.н.с. лаб. диагностических препаратов НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова</p></bio><email>besednoff_lev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1676-1405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aliev</surname><given-names>Maxim R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алиев</surname><given-names>Максим Романович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>laboratory researcher, Laboratory of diagnostic preparates, G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаб. диагностических препаратов НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова</p></bio><email>maximaliev63@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8610-7623</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkanov</surname><given-names>Michail Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелканов</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Director, G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., директор НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова</p></bio><email>adorob@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.Р. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.П. Сомова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>101</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>143</fpage><lpage>153</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-07-27"><day>27</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Kuznetsova T.A., Besednova N.N., Aliev M.R., Shchelkanov M.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Кузнецова Т.А., Беседнова Н.Н., Алиев М.Р., Щелканов М.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuznetsova T.A., Besednova N.N., Aliev M.R., Shchelkanov M.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузнецова Т.А., Беседнова Н.Н., Алиев М.Р., Щелканов М.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16566">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/16566</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>The aim</bold> of the review is to give a brief characteristic of cell cultures obtained from mammalian tissues and to consider the current possibilities and prospects for their use in virology.</p> <p>The analysis of the literature data presented in the main databases, such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Google Scholar and RSCI (as of July 2023), indicates that various types of cell cultures are currently used in virological studies. The use of cell culture has a number of advantages over other <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic> methods of virological research. The review provides numerous examples on the development of new methods of obtaining cell cultures for the cultivation of viruses. Among them are sensitive and reporter cell systems, the design of which can be a promising tool for diagnostics of existing and new unknown viral infections. Cell cultures are characterized as potential <italic>in vitro</italic> models in virology for developing new diagnostic test-systems and antiviral drugs. An important area of cell cultures application is their use as a substrate for the production of culture-derived vaccines. Another aspect of the cell cultures application is also highlighted, such as the study of the effect of the viruses on the host immune system or the mechanisms of immunopathogenesis of viral infections. It is concluded that the use of cell cultures remains currently and in the near future one of the most important methods in practical virology and in scientific research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Цель </bold>обзора — дать краткую характеристику клеточных культур, полученных их тканей млекопитающих, и рассмотреть текущие возможности и перспективы их использования в вирусологии.</p> <p>Анализ литературы, представленной в основных базах данных (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Google Scholar и РИНЦ) по состоянию на июль 2023 г., свидетельствует о том, что<italic> </italic>в вирусологических исследованиях используются различные виды и типы клеточных культур, применение которых имеет ряд преимуществ перед другими методами исследования <italic>in vitro</italic> и <italic>in vivo. </italic>В обзоре приведены многочисленные примеры разработки новых методов получения клеточных культур для культивирования вирусов, в том числе описаны чувствительные и репортёрные клеточные системы, конструирование которых может быть многообещающим инструментом для диагностики существующих и неизвестных вирусных инфекций. Клеточные культуры охарактеризованы как потенциальные модели <italic>in vitro</italic> в вирусологии для разработки диагностических тест-систем и новых лекарственных противовирусных препаратов, как субстрат для производства культуральных вакцин. Описано применение культур клеток для исследования влияния вирусов на иммунную систему макроорганизма или механизмов иммунопатогенеза вирусных инфекций. Сделан вывод о том, что<bold> </bold>использование клеточных культур остаётся одним из важнейших методов в практической вирусологии и в научных исследованиях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>cell cultures</kwd><kwd>virological research</kwd><kwd>reporter cell lines</kwd><kwd>vaccines</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>immunopathogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>клеточные культуры</kwd><kwd>вирусологические исследования</kwd><kwd>репортёрные клеточные линии</kwd><kwd>вакцины</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>иммунопатогенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Davis P.K., Ho A., Dowdy S.F. Biological methods for cell-cycle synchronization of mammalian cells. Bitechniques. 2001;30(6):1322–31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2144/01306rv01</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>WHO. Use of cell culture in Virology for developing countries in the South-East Asia region;2017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Uysal O., Sevimli T., Sevimli M., et al. Cell and tissue culture: the base of biotechnology. In: Barh D., Azevedo V., eds. Omics Technologies and Bio-Engineering. Towards Improving Quality of Life. Volume 1. Elsevier;2018:391–429. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804659-3.00017-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Hematian A., Sadeghifard N., Mohebi R., et al. Traditional and modern cell culture in virus diagnosis. Osong. Public Health Res. Perspect. 2016;7(2):77–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Aarattuthodi S., Dharan V., Koshy M. Fish cell cultures — uses and prospects. J. Aquac. Res. Dev. 2021;13:667. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35248/2155-9546.22.13.667</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Гаврилов Л.А., Гаврилова Н.С. Культура диплоидных клеток как объект изучения молекулярных механизмов старения. Успехи современной биологии. 1978;85(2):267–83. Gavrilov L.A., Gavrilova N.S. Diploid cell cultures as an object for the study of the molecular mechanisms of aging. Successes of Modern Biology. 1978;85(2):267–83.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Нагиева Ф.Г., Баркова Е.П., Лисаков А.Н. и др. Практические аспекты выявления, культивирования и характеристики изолятов вируса Varicella-zoster. Инфекция и иммунитет. 2020;10(2):387–96. Nagieva F.G., Barkova E.P., Lisakov A.N., et al. Practical aspects on identification, cultivation and characteristics of Varicella-zoster virus isolates. Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity. 2020;10(2):387–96. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15789/2220-7619-PAO-1211 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ptnvte</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Shridhar Rao P.N. Diploid cells culture. Microbiol notes; 2006. URL: http://microrao.com/micronotes/diploid_cell_culture.htm</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fletcher M.A. Human diploid cell strains (HDCS) viral vaccines. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1998;93:97–107.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Петручук Е.М., Шалунова Н.В., Олефир Ю.В. и др. Культуры клеток в заместительной терапии. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2017;17(4):197–206. Petruchuk E.M., Shalunova N.V., Olefir Yu.V., et al. Cell cultures in replacement therapy. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2017;17(4):197–206. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zxgljp</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Каталог Всероссийской коллекции клеточных культур. СПб.: Наука; 1991. Catalog of the Russian Collection of Cell Cultures. St. Petersburg: Nauka;1991.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Каталог Российской коллекции клеточных культур (РККК). СПб., Омск;1999. Catalog of the Russian Collection of Cell Cultures (RKKK). St. Petersburg, Omsk;1999.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Parodi B. Human and Animal Cell Lines Catalogue. Geneva;1993.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Dolskiy A.A., Grishchenko I.V., Yudkin D.V. Cell cultures for virology: usability, advantages, and prospects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21(21):7978. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21217978</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ju X., Zhu Y., Wang Y., et al. A novel cell culture system modeling the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(3):e1009439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009439</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Wu W., Orr-Burks N., Karpilow J., Tripp R.A. Development of improved vaccine cell lines against rotavirus. Sci. Data. 2017;4:1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.21</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Werstuck G., Bilan P., Capone J.P. Enhanced infectivity of herpes simplex virus type 1 viral DNA in a cell line expressing the trans-inducing factor Vmw65. J. Virol. 1990;64:984–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.64.3.984-991.1990</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Даниленко Д.М., Смирнова Т.Д., Гудкова Т.М. и др. Сравнительное изучение чувствительности клеточных линий различного происхождения к вирусам пандемического гриппа H1N1, вирусам гриппа птиц, свиней, человека. Вопросы вирусологии. 2011;56(6):14–9. Danilenko D.M., Smirnova T.D., Gudkova T.M., et al. Comparative study of the differential susceptibility of different cell lines to pandemic H1N1V influenza viruses and avian influenza, swine influenza, and human influenza viruses. Problems of Virology. 2011;56(6):14–9. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/ooqzsh</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Львов Д.К., Бурцева Е.И., Щелканов М.Ю. и др. Распространение нового пандемического вируса гриппа A(H1N1) в России. Вопросы вирусологии. 2010;55(3):4–9. L'vov D.K., Burtseva E.I., Shchelkanov M.Yu., et al. Spread of new pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus in Russia. Problems of Virology. 2010;55(3):4–9. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/muekip</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Захарова Ю.А., Остапчук А.В., Василевский В.В. и др. Характеристика чувствительности новых клеточных культур животного происхождения к вирусам Coxsackievirus B5 и Herpes simplex virus-1. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2023;23(1):102–10. Zakharova Yu.A., Ostapchuk A.V., Vasilevskiy V.V, et al. Characterisation of new animal cell cultures’ sensitivity to Coxsackievirus B5 and Herpes simplex virus-1. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2023;23(1):102–10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30895/2221-996X-2023-23-1-7-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Chan J.F.W., Yip C.C.Y., Tsang J.O.L., et al. Differential cell line susceptibility to the emerging Zika virus: Implications for disease pathogenesis, non-vector-borne human transmission and animal reservoirs. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2016;5(8):e93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/emi.2016.99</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Пименова Е.В., Храпова Н.П., Замарина Т.В. Модели in vitro для изучения вируса Зика. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2020;97(2):159–64. Pimenova E.V., Khrapova N.P., Zamarina T.V. In vitro models for the study of Zika virus. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2020;97(2):159–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-2-159-164 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/wltpwu</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Dulbecco R. Production of plaques in monolayer tissue cultures by single particles of an animal virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA. 1952;38:747–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.38.8.747</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Lee J.C., Tseng C., Chen K.J., et al. A cell-based reporter assay for inhibitor screening of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Anal. Biochem. 2010;403(1-2):52–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2010.04.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Lutz A., Dyall J., Olivo P.D., Pekosz A. Virus-inducible reporter genes as a tool for detecting and quantifying influenza A virus replication. J. Virol. Methods. 2005;126(1-2):13–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.01.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Kainulainen M.H., Nichol S.T., Albariño C.G., Spiropoulou C.F. Rapid determination of ebolavirus infectivity in clinical samples using a novel reporter cell line. J. Infect. Dis. 2017;216:1380–85. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix486</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Wang G., Suzutani T., Yamamoto Y., et al. Generation of a reporter cell line for detection of infectious varicella-zoster virus and its application to antiviral studies. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2006;50(9):3142–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00342-06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Lee J.C., Chang C.F., Chi Y.H., et al. A reporter-based assay for identifying hepatitis C virus inhibitors based on subgenomic replicon cells. J. Virol. Methods. 2004;116(1):27–33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.10.007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Felber B.K., Pavlakis G.N. A quantitative bioassay for HIV-1 based on trans-activation. Science. 1988;239(4836):184–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.3422113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kimpton J., Emerman M. Detection of replication-competent and pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus with a sensitive cell line on the basis of activation of an integrated beta-galactosidase gene. J. Virol. 1992;66(4):2232–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.66.4.2232-2239.1992</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Froggatt H.M., Heaton B.E., Heaton N.S. Development of a fluorescence-based, high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro reporter assay. J. Virol. 2020;94(22):e01265–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01265-20</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Rawson J.M.O., Duchon A., Nikolaitchik O.A., et al. Development of a cell-based luciferase complementation assay for identification of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro inhibitors. Viruses. 2021;13(2):173. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/v13020173</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Kohl C., Brinkmann A., Dabrowski P.W., et al. Protocol for metagenomic virus detection in clinical specimens. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2015;21(1):48–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2101.140766</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Hudu S.A., Alshrari A.S., Syahida A., Sekawi Z. Cell culture, technology: enhancing the culture of diagnosing human diseases. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2016;10(3):DE01–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/15837.7460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Hematian A., Sadeghifard N., Mohebi R., et al. Traditional and modern cell culture in virus diagnosis. Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 2016;7(2):77–82. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrp.2015.11.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Dronina J., Samukaite-Bubniene U., Ramanavicius A. Advances and insights in the diagnosis of viral infections. J. Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19(1):348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-01081-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Демидова Н.А., Климова Р.Р., Кущ А.А. и др. Получение и характеристика моноклональных антител к G-белку респираторно-синцитиального вируса. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2020;97(1):7–14. Demidova N.A., Klimova R.R., Kushch A.A., et al. Obtaining and characterization of the monoclonal antibodies against G-protein of the respiratory syncytial virus. Journal of microbiology epidemiology and immunobiology. 2020;97(1):7–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-1-7-14 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/fxehvq</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Leland D.S., Ginocchio C.C. Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2007;20(1):49–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00002-06</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Genzel Y. Designing cell lines for viral vaccine production: Where do we stand? Biotechnol. J. 2015;10(5):728–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201400388</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Graham B.S. Advances in antiviral vaccine development. Immunol. Rev. 2013;255(1):230–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12098</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Varan G., Unal S. Three-dimensional cell culture methods in infectious diseases and vaccine research. Future Pharmacol. 2023;3(1):48–60. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/futurepharmacol3010004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Миронова Л.Л. Разные аспекты применения культур клеток в вакцинологии. Фундаментальные исследования. 2009;(9):60–2. Mironova L.L. Different aspects of the use of cell cultures in vaccinology. Fundamental Research. 2009;(9):60–2. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/kxpzdx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Бархалёва О.А., Ладыжинская И.П., Воробьёва М.С. и др. «Витагерпавак» — первая отечественная вакцина на перевиваемой линии клеток Vero (B). Вопросы вирусологии. 2009;54(5):33–7. Barkhaleva O.A., Ladyzhinskaya I.P., Vorob'eva M.S., et al. Vitaherpavac is the first Russian herpes simplex virus vaccine obtained on the Vero B continuous cell line. Problems of Virology. 2009;54(5):33–7. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/lajyjb</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Fang Z., Lyu J., Li J., et al. Application of bioreactor technology for cell culture-based viral vaccine production: рresent status and future prospects. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2022;10:921755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.921755</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Andersen P.I., Ianevski A., Lysvand H., et al. Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2020;93:268–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.02.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Bojkova D., Reus P., Panosch L., et al. Identification of novel antiviral drug candidates using an optimized SARS-CoV-2 phenotypic screening platform. iScience. 2023;26(2):105944. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.105944</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Dittmar M., Lee J.S., Whig K., et al. Drug repurposing screens reveal cell-type-specific entry pathways and FDA-approved drugs active against SARS-CoV-2. Cell Reports. 2021;35(1):108959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108959</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar S., Sarma P., Kaur H., et al. Clinically relevant cell culture models and their significance in isolation, pathogenesis, vaccine development, repurposing and screening of new drugs for SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review. Тissue Cell. 2021;70:101497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2021.101497</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Krylova N.V., Silchenko A.S., Pott A.B., et al. In vitro anti-orthohantavirus activity of the high-and low-molecular-weight fractions of fucoidan from the brown alga Fucus evanescens. Mar. Drugs. 2021;19(10):577. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100577</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Нагиева Ф.Г., Баркова Е.П., Федотов А.Ю. и др. Перспективная культуральная модель для контроля биологической активности интерферонов человека. Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии. 2015;92(5):39–44. Nagieva F.G., Barkova E.P., Fedotov A.Yu., et al. A perspective cultural model for control of biological activity of human interferons. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2015;92(5):39–44. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/zqjydr</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Алпатова Н.А., Гайдерова Л.А., Яковлев А.К. и др. Особенности определения специфической активности биотехнологических лекарственных средств. БИОпрепараты. Профилактика, диагностика, лечение. 2017;17(1):13–26. Alpatova N.A., Gayderova L.A., Yakovlev A.K., et al. Assessment of biotechnological products specific activity. Biological Products. Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment. 2017;17(1):13–26. EDN: https://elibrary.ru/yhssgl</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Emeny J.M., Morgan M.J. Regulation of the interferon system: evidence that Vero cells have a genetic defect in interferon production. J. Gen. Virol. 1979;43(1):247–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-43-1-247</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Pires De Souza G.A., Le Bideau M., Boschi C., et al. Choosing a cellular model to study SARS-CoV-2. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 2022;12:1003608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.1003608</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Spiegel M., Weber F. Inhibition of cytokine gene expression and induction of chemokine genes in non-lymphatic cells infected with SARS coronavirus. Virol. J. 2006;3:17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-3-17</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Dolci M., Signorini L., D’Alessandro S., et al. In vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection of microvascular endothelial cells: effect on pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(7):4063. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23074063</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Волкова И.М., Коровина Д.Г. Трёхмерные матриксы природного и синтетического происхождения для клеточной биотехнологии. Биотехнология. 2015;31(2):8–26. Volkova I.M., Korovina D.G. Three-dimensional matrixes of natural and synthetic origin for cell biotechnology. Biotechnology. 2015;51(9):841–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0003683815090082 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/vajqzx</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Бобринетский И.И., Морозов Р.А., Селезнёв А.С. и др. Исследование пролиферативной активности и жизнеспособности клеток фибробласта и глиобластомы на различных типах углеродных нанотрубок. Бюллетень экспериментальной биологии и медицины. 2012;153(2):227–31. Bobrinetsky I.I., Morozov R.A., Seleznev A.S., et al. Proliferative activity and viability of fibroblast and glioblastoma cell on various types of carbon nanotubes. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine. 2012; 153(2):259–62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-012-1690-z EDN: https://elibrary.ru/dzkwco</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Kuznetsova T.A., Andryukov B.G., Besednova N.N., et al. Marine algae polysaccharides as basis for wound dressings, drug delivery, and tissue engineering: a review. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020;8(7):481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8070481 EDN: https://elibrary.ru/xevoja</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Volarevic V., Markovic B.S., Gazdic M., et al. Ethical and safety issues of stem cell-based therapy. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2018;15(1):36–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.21666</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Ghaedi M., Niklason L.E. Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC) generation, culture, and differentiation to lung progenitor cells. In: Turksen L., ed. Organoids. Methods in Molecular Biology, Volume 1576. New York;2019:55–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7651_2016_11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Song W.K., Park K.M., Kim H.J., et al. Treatment of macular degeneration using embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium: preliminary results in Asian patients. Stem. Cell Rep. 2015;4(5):860–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.04.005</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
