Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyJournal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyЖурнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии0372-93112686-7613Central Research Institute for Epidemiology13963ArticlesСтатьиReview ArticleCELL ANALOGS OF VIRAL PROTEINSКЛЕТОЧНЫЕ АНАЛОГИ ВИРУСНЫХ БЕЛКОВBlinovV. MБлиновВ. МGaislerV.ГайслерВ.KrasnovG. SКрасновГ. СShargunovA. VШаргуновА. ВShurdovM. AШурдовМ. АZverevV. VЗверевВ. ВMechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, RussiaНИИ вакцин и сывороток им. И.И.Мечникова, МоскваPanagen Ltd., Gorno-Altaysk, RussiaООО «Панаген», Горно-Алтайск15042014912NO2 (2014)№2 (2014)10111309062023Copyright ©; 2014, Blinov V.M., Gaisler V., Krasnov G.S., Shargunov A.V., Shurdov M.A., Zverev V.V.Copyright ©; 2014, Блинов В.М., Гайслер В., Краснов Г.С., Шаргунов А.В., Шурдов М.А., Зверев В.В.2014Blinov V.M., Gaisler V., Krasnov G.S., Shargunov A.V., Shurdov M.A., Zverev V.V.Блинов В.М., Гайслер В., Краснов Г.С., Шаргунов А.В., Шурдов М.А., Зверев В.В.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/13963

Horizontal transfer of genes between viruses and their hosts played an important role in the evolution of various eukaryotes including contemporary mammals as well as the pathogens themselves. Elements of viruses of various types can be found in the genome of animals. Endogenous retroviral elements composing up to 8% of human genome length not only determine its high flexibility and rapid adaptation potential. Many of virus genes such as Fv1, Lv1, Lv2 being analogues of capsid and other proteins determine effective suppression of viral replication after cell penetration by the causative agent. Introduction of these elements into genome of a wide variety of animals from fish to primates could have taken place against the background of global natural cataclysms of viral origin. Integration of retrovirus genes coding surface glycoproteins with immunosuppressing domains into genetic apparatus of animals served as an impetus to the development of viviparity and spread of placental mammals. Their cell analogs syncytins perform a dual function: take direct part in the formation of syncytiotro-phoblast layer of placenta and ensure tolerance of immune system of mother to embryo. The acquisition of cell genes by viruses also played an important role in their evolution: various interleukins and other modulators of immune response introduced into viral genome from cell genetic apparatus became one of the most important factors of pathogenicity of a wide variety of causative agents including poxviruses, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and many others. Evolutionary pathways of the virus and host are thus inseparable from each other, and character of one of these directions is largely dictated by the vector of another.

Горизонтальный перенос генов между вирусами и их хозяевами сыграл важнейшую роль в эволюции как различных эукариот, в том числе современных млекопитающих, так и самих патогенов. В геноме животных можно встретить элементы вирусов различных типов. Эндогенные ретровирусные элементы, составляя до 8% от длины генома человека, не только обусловливают его высокую гибкость и потенциал к быстрой адаптации. Многие из вирусных генов, таких как Fv1, Lv1, Lv2, являясь аналогами капсидных и других белков, обусловливают эффективное подавление вирусной репликации после проникновения возбудителя внутрь клетки. Внедрение этих элементов в геном самых различных животных, от рыб до приматов, могло произойти на фоне глобальных природных катаклизмов вирусной природы. Интеграция в генетический аппарат животных ретровирусных генов, кодирующих поверхностные гликопротеины с иммуносупрессивными доменами, послужила толчком к развитию живорождения и распространению плацентарных млекопитающих. Их клеточные аналоги, синцитины, выполняют двойную функцию: принимают непосредственное участие в формировании синцитиотрофобластного слоя плаценты и обеспечивают толерантность иммунной системы матери к эмбриону. Приобретение вирусами клеточных генов также сыграло немаловажную роль в их эволюции: различные интерлейкины и другие модуляторы иммунного ответа, привнесенные в вирусный геном со стороны генетического аппарата клетки, стали одним из важных факторов патогенности самых различных возбудителей, включая поксвирусы, цитомегаловирус, вирус Эпштейна-Барра и многие другие. Таким образом, эволюционные пути вируса и хозяина неотделимы друг от друга, и характер одного из этих направлений во многом диктуется вектором другого.

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