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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1356</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-325</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular and genetic characterization of the hepatitis B virus full-length genome sequences identified in HBsAg-negative blood donors in Ural Federal District</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярно-генетическая характеристика полноразмерного генома вируса гепатита В у HBsAg-негативных доноров крови в Уральском федеральном округе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2270-8897</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ostankova</surname><given-names>Yulia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Останкова</surname><given-names>Юлия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), Head, Laboratory of HIV immunology and virology, senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., зав. лаб. иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции, с.н.с. лаб. молекулярной иммунологии</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0547-3945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serikova</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серикова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>researcher, Laboratory of HIV immunology and virology, senior researcher, Laboratory of molecular immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>н.с. лаб. иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3223-8219</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semenov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семенов</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Biol.), Director, Ekaterinburg Research Institute of Viral Infections</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.б.н., директор Екатеринбургского НИИ вирусных инфекций</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0579-110X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zueva</surname><given-names>Elena B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуева</surname><given-names>Елена Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), biologist, Department of HIV infection and AIDS-associated diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., биолог отделения ВИЧ-инфекции и СПИД ассоциированных заболеваний</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-102X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valutite</surname><given-names>Diana E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валутите</surname><given-names>Диана Эдуардовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doctor of clinical laboratory diagnostics, Department for diagnosing HIV infection and AIDS-related diseases</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики отделения ВИЧ-инфекции и СПИД-ассоциированных заболеваний</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3139-3674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Schemelev</surname><given-names>Aleksandr N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щемелев</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>junior researcher, Laboratory of HIV immunology and virology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>м.н.с. лаб. иммунологии и вирусологии ВИЧ-инфекции</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8930-3742</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zurochka</surname><given-names>Vladimir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зурочка</surname><given-names>Владимир Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), senior researcher, Laboratory of inflammatory immunology, senior researcher, Laboratory of immunobiotechnology, Scientific and Educational Center of the Russian–Chinese Center for Systemic Pathology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., с.н.с. лаб. иммунологии воспаления, с.н.с. лаб. иммунобиотехнологии Научно-образовательного центра Российско-китайского центра системной патологии</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4571-8799</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Totolian</surname><given-names>Areg A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тотолян</surname><given-names>Арег Артёмович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>D. Sci. (Med.), Professor, RAS Full Member, Head, Laboratory of molecular immunology, Director, Head, Department of immunology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор, академик РАН, зав. лаб. молекулярной иммунологии, директор, зав. каф. иммунологии</p></bio><email>shenna1@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени Пастера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology «Vector»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт иммунологии и физиологии Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">South-Ural State University (National Research University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Южно-Уральский государственный университет (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.P. Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>99</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>637</fpage><lpage>650</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-01-10"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-01-10"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Ostankova Y.V., Serikova E.N., Semenov A.V., Zueva E.B., Valutite D.E., Schemelev A.N., Zurochka V.A., Totolian A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Останкова Ю.В., Серикова Е.Н., Семенов А.В., Зуева Е.Б., Валутите Д.Э., Щемелев А.Н., Зурочка В.А., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ostankova Y.V., Serikova E.N., Semenov A.V., Zueva E.B., Valutite D.E., Schemelev A.N., Zurochka V.A., Totolian A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Останкова Ю.В., Серикова Е.Н., Семенов А.В., Зуева Е.Б., Валутите Д.Э., Щемелев А.Н., Зурочка В.А., Тотолян А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1356">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1356</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The World Health Organization estimates that as of 2019, more than 296 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The prevalence of HBsAg-negative, occult form of the disease in blood donors varies depending on the region of the world and the sensitivity of the methods of analysis used. Considering that the genetic diversity of viruses demonstrates space and time variations and taking into account that the genetic profile of isolates in key groups, which may turn into a source of the pathogen spread, is important for forecasting of the epidemiological situation, the attention should be given to identification of HBV genotypes currently circulating among regular blood donors in regions of the Russian Federation.</p> <p>The <bold>aim</bold> of this work was molecular and genetic characterization of HBV genomes identified in HBsAg-negative blood donors in the Ural Federal District.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The study material was 1400 plasma samples obtained from HBsAg-negative blood donors in Ural Federal District. The study included the testing for HBsAg, anti-HBs IgG and anti-HBcore IgG antibodies, HBV DNA. For all identified HBV DNA containing samples, sequencing and analysis of the nucleotide sequences of the complete HBV genomes were performed.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The prevalence of HBV DNA was 4.93%, including 4 (0.28%) cases of false occult hepatitis B. Among anti-HBcore IgG-positive samples, HBV DNA was found in 18.08% of cases, while in persons with detected HBV DNA the anti-HBcore IgG positivity rate was 46.38%. In 8.69% of the isolates, anti-HBs IgG antibodies and viral DNA were detected simultaneously in the absence of anti-HBcore IgG. Based on phylogenetic analysis, HBV subgenotypes distribution in HBsAg-negative blood donors was as follows: D3 — 53.62%, D2 — 21.74%, D1 — 18.84%, C2 — 5.8%. The high variability in the S, C, P regions of the virus genome in the examined group was shown. In all cases of HBsAg-negative chronic HBV infection identified in blood donors, viral sequences contained at least one amino acid substitution in positions, mutations in which are associated with immune escape. In 3 (4.35%) cases mutations in reverse transcriptase region of P gene that are associated with resistance to the following drugs were identified: lamivudine, telbivudine, entecavir. Mutations in the preCore/Core regions that contribute to the progression of liver disease were also identified.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Occult HBsAg-negative chronic HBV infection poses a threat of HBV transmission through transfusion of blood and its components due to the extremely low viral load, which does not allow the virus to be detected using routinely used diagnostic kits. The situation can be exacerbated by the abundance and diversity of virus amino acid substitutions that we have identified, including immune escape mutations, drug resistance mutations, and mutations that contribute to the progression of the disease.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> По оценкам Всемирной организации здравоохранения, на конец 2019 г. более чем у 296 млн человек в мире зарегистрирован хронический вирусный гепатит В (ВГВ). Распространённость HBsAg-негативной, скрытой формы течения заболевания у доноров крови варьирует в зависимости от региона мира и чувствительности используемых методов анализа. Поскольку генетическое разнообразие вирусов демонстрирует пространственно-временные вариации, а генетический профиль изолятов в ключевых группах, потенциально способных становиться источником распространения патогена, важен для прогнозирования эпидемиологической ситуации, представляется значимым определить циркулирующие среди доноров крови в регионах России генотипы ВГВ.</p> <p><bold>Цель </bold>работы — молекулярно-генетическая характеристика геномов ВГВ, выявленных у HBsAg-негативных доноров крови в Уральском федеральном округе.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Материалом исследования служили 1400 образцов плазмы, полученных от HBsAg-негативных доноров крови Уральского федерального округа. Исследование включало определение HBsAg, антител анти-HBs IgG, анти-HBcore IgG, ДНК ВГВ. Для всех выявленных образцов проводили секвенирование и анализ нуклеотидных последовательностей полных геномов ВГВ.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Распространённость ДНК ВГВ составила 4,93%, в том числе 4 (0,28%) случая ложного скрытого гепатита В. Среди анти-HBcore IgG-позитивных образцов ДНК ВГВ обнаружили в 18,08% случаев, в то время как у лиц с выявленной ДНК ВГВ анти-HBcore IgG — в 46,38%. У 8,69% изолятов обнаружены одновременно антитела анти-HBs IgG и ДНК вируса при отсутствии анти-HBcore IgG. На основании филогенетического анализа показано, что у HBsAg-негативных доноров крови представлены субгенотипы ВГВ в следующих соотношениях: D3 — 53,62%, D2 — 21,74%, D1 — 18,84%, С2 — 5,8%. Показана высокая вариабельность регионов S, C, P генома вируса в обследованной группе. Во всех выявленных нами случаях HBsAg-негативного хронического ВГВ у доноров крови были представлены вирусы, по крайней мере, с одной аминокислотной заменой в положениях, мутации в которых действуют как ускользающие от вакцины. В регионе обратной транскриптазы гена <italic>P</italic> в 3 (4,35%) случаях определены мутации устойчивости вируса к лекарственным препаратам: ламивудину, телбивудину, энтекавиру. В регионах preCore/Core выявлены мутации, способствующие прогрессированию заболевания печени.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Скрытый, HBsAg-негативный хронический ВГВ представляет собой угрозу передачи ВГВ при переливании крови и её компонентов за счёт крайне низкой вирусной нагрузки, не позволяющей определить вирус с помощью рутинно используемых диагностических наборов. Ситуацию может усугубить выявленное нами обилие и разнообразие аминокислотных замен вируса, включающих мутации иммунологического избегания, мутации фармакорезистентности и мутации, способствующие прогрессированию развития заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatitis B virus</kwd><kwd>occult hepatitis B</kwd><kwd>serological markers</kwd><kwd>molecular biological markers</kwd><kwd>HBV variability</kwd><kwd>genotypes</kwd><kwd>clinically significant mutations</kwd><kwd>laboratory diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гепатита В</kwd><kwd>скрытый гепатит В</kwd><kwd>серологические маркеры</kwd><kwd>молекулярно-биологические маркеры</kwd><kwd>вариабельность ВГВ</kwd><kwd>генотипы</kwd><kwd>клинически значимые мутации</kwd><kwd>лабораторная диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lin Y.Y., Liu C., Chien W.H., Wu L.L., Tao Y., Wu D., et al. 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