<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">13371</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">MECHANISMS OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS PERSISTENCE DURING VIRAL-BACTERIAL INFECTION</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПЕРСИСТЕНЦИИ CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS И ВИРУСА ПРОСТОГО ГЕРПЕСА ПРИ ВИРУСНО-БАКТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ИНФЕКЦИИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bekhalo</surname><given-names>V. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бехало</surname><given-names>В. А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sysolyatina</surname><given-names>E. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сысолятина</surname><given-names>Е. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nagurskaya</surname><given-names>E. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нагурская</surname><given-names>Е. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gamaleya Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Н.Ф.Гамалеи, Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2009-10-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2009</year></pub-date><volume>86</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO5 (2009)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№5 (2009)</issue-title><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-09"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2009, Bekhalo V.A., Sysolyatina E.V., Nagurskaya E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2009, Бехало В.А., Сысолятина Е.В., Нагурская Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2009</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bekhalo V.A., Sysolyatina E.V., Nagurskaya E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бехало В.А., Сысолятина Е.В., Нагурская Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/13371">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/13371</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Possible mechanisms of persistence on the example of Chlamydia trachomatis in conditions of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) superinfection in vitro and in vivo are described. Emergence of persisting forms of Chlamydia as well as factors influencing on this process are considered. Contemporary views on pathogenesis of viralbacterial infection with HSV-2 and C.trachomatis as well as interactions of the agents with local immunity factors are described. It was suggested that there are signaling pathways through which HSV-2 changes life cycle of Chlamydia .</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Приводятся возможные механизмы персистенции на примере Chlamydia trachomatis в условиях суперинфекции вируса простого герпеса 2 типа (ВПГ-2) in vitro и in vivo. Рассмотрены формирование персистирующих форм хламидий и факторы, влияющие на этот процесс. Приведены современные представления о патогенезе вирусно-бактериальной инфекции ВПГ-2 и C.trachomatis и взаимодействии возбудителей с факторами местного иммунитета. Высказано предположение о существовании сигнальных путей, посредством которых ВПГ-2 изменяет жизненный цикл хламидий.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>C.trachomatis</kwd><kwd>persistence</kwd><kwd>mixed infection</kwd><kwd>local immunity</kwd><kwd>HSV-2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>персистенция</kwd><kwd>сочетанная инфекция</kwd><kwd>местный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>ВПГ-2</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Борцов П.А., Федина Е.Д., Токарская Е.А. и др. Регуляция хламидиями апоптоза клеток хозяина. Журн.микробиол. 2006 ,4: 53-58</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Бухарин О.В., Гинцбург А.Л., Романова Ю.М. и др. Механизмы выживания бактерий. М., Медицина, 2005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Глазкова Л.К., Акилов О.Е. Практические аспекты персистирующей хламидийной инфекции. ИППП. 1999, 4: 29-34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Дмитриев Г.А. Обнаружение герпетического вируса в гонококках. Вестн. дерматол. венерол. 1986, 5: 23-24.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Нагурская Е.В., Зайцева Л.Г., Кобец Н.В. и др. Особенности функционального состояния перитонеальных макрофагов мышей чувствительной и устойчивой линии при интравагинальном заражении ВПГ 2 и мукозальной вакцинации. Бюлл. экспер. биол. мед. 2008, 2: 196-201.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bender F.C., Whitbeck J.C., Lou H. et al. Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein B binds to cell surfaces independently of heparin sulfate and blocks virus entry. J. Virol. 2005, 79 (18): 11588-11597.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Campbell L.A., PattonD.L., Moore D.E. et al. Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis deoxyribonucleic acid in women with tubal infertility. Fertil. Ster. 1993: 59:45-50.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Carabeo R.A., Grieshaber S.S., Hasenkrug A. et al. Requirement for Rac GTPase in Chlamydia trachomatis invasion of non-phagocytic cells. Traffic. 2004, 5: 418-425.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Chiarini F., Mansi A., Pisani S. еt al. In vitro study of a double infection by herpes simplex virus type and Chlamydia trachomatis. New Microbiol. 1996, 19(3):263-266.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Dean D., Suchland R.J., Stamm W.E. Evidence for long-term cervical persistence of C.trachomatis by omp1 genotyping. J. Infect. Dis. 2000, 182: 909-916.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Deka S., Vanover J., Dessus-Babus S. et al. Chlamydia trachomatis enters a viable but noncultivable (persistent) state within herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) co-infected host cells. Cell. Microbiol. 2006, 8 (1): 149-162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Greene W., Xiao Y., Huang Y. et al. Chlamydiainfected cells continue to undergo mitosis and resist induction of apoptosis. Infect. Immun. 2004, 72: 451-460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Greene W., Zhong G. Inhibition of host cell cytokinesis by Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J. Infect. 2003, 47: 45-51.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Hartog J.E., Morre S.A., Land J.A. Chlamydia trachomatis-associated tubal factor subfertility: immunogenetic aspects and serological screening. Oxford University Press, 2006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Hogan R.J., Mathews S.A., Mukhopadhyay S. et al. Chlamydial persistence:beyond the biphasic paradigm. Infect. Immun. 2004, 4: 1843-1855.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Jeffrey D. Klausner. Etiology of clinical proctitis among men who have sex with men. CID. 2004, 38: 300-302.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Johansson M., Lycke NJ. Immunology of the human genital tract. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 2003, 16: 43-49.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Katz B. P., Fortenberry D., Orr D. Factors affecting chlamydial persistence or recurrence one and three months after treatment. In: R.S. Stephens et al. (ed.). Chlamydial infections. 1998, р. 35–38.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Mas Casullo V., Fam E., Keller M.J. et al. Role of mucosal immunity in preventing genital herpes infection. Viral.Immunol. 2005, 18: 595-606.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Nicola A.V., Straus S.E. Cellular and viral requirements for rapid endocytic entry of herpes simplex virus. J. Virol. 2004, 78 (14): 7508-7517.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Paavonen J., Teisala K., Heinonen P.K. et al. Endometritis and acute salpingitis associated with Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type two. Obstet. Gynecol. 1985, 65: 288-291.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Paroli E., Franco E., Mele A. et al. Seroprevalence of anti-Chlamydia trachomatis IgG in outpatients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in Italy. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1990,6: 329-331.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Parr E.L., Parr M.B. Immunoglobulin G, plasma cells, and lymphocytes in the murine vagina after vaginal or parenteral immunization with attenuated herpes simplex virus type 2. J. Virol. 1998, 72 (6): 5137-5145.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Roan N.R., Starnbach M.N. Immune mediated control of chlamydia infection. Cel. Microbiol. 2008, 10 (1): 9-19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Roizman B., Knipe D.M. Herpes simplex viruses and their replication. In: D.M.Knipe, P. Howley (ed.). Fields Virology. Baltimore, 2001, р. 2399–2460.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Roshick С., Wood H., Caldwell H.D. Comparison of gamma interferon-mediated antichlamydial defense mechanisms in human and mouse cells. Infect. Immun. 2006, 74 (1): 225–238.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Silins I., Tedeschi R.M., Kallings I. et al. Clustering of seropositivity for sexually transmitted infections. Sex. Transm. Dis. 2002, 29: 207-211.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Stagg A.J., Tuffrey M., Woods C. et al. Protection against ascending infection of the genital tract by Chlamydia trachomatis is associated with recruitment of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen-presenting cells into uterine tis- sue. Infect. Immun.1998, 66: 3535-3544.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Stock A.T., Mueller S.N., van Lint A.L. et al. Cutting edge: prolonged antigen presentation after herpes simplex virus-1. Skin. Infect. J. Immunol. 2004, 173: 2241-2244.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Tait J., Peddie B.A., Bailey R.R. et al. Urethral syndrome (abacterial cystitis) — search for a pathogen. Br. J. Urol. 1985, 57: 552-556.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Thomas L., Cherpes M.D., Harold C. et al. The association between pelvic inflammatory disease, trichomonas vaginalis infection, and positive herpes simplex virus type 2 serology. STD. 2006, 33 (12): 747-752.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Valdivia R.H. Chlamydia effector proteins and new insights into chlamydial cellular microbiology. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 2008, 11: 53-59.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Vanover J., Sun J., Deka S. Herpes simplex virus co-infection-induced Chlamydia trachomatis persistence is not mediated by any known persistence inducer or anti-chlamydial pathway. Microbiology. 2008, 154 (Pt 3): 971-998.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Vetter K.M., Barnes R.C., Oberle M.W. et al. Seroepidemiology of chlamydia in Costa Rica. Genitourin. Med. 1990, 66: 182-188.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
