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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1316</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-342</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Double-stranded RNAs are promising adjuvants for enhancing immunogenicity of vaccines</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Двуспиральные РНК — перспективные адъюванты для повышения иммуногенности вакцин</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8624-4767</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaplina</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каплина</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>senior researcher, Department of biological studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>с.н.с. отдела биологических исследований</p></bio><email>kaplina_on@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7441-333X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gamaley</surname><given-names>Svetlana G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гамалей</surname><given-names>Светлана Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Head, Department of biological studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>зав. отделом биологических исследований</p></bio><email>gamaley_sg@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanova</surname><given-names>Olga S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванова</surname><given-names>Ольга Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), researcher, Department of development and pilot production of biologicals</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., н.с. отдела разработки технологий и пилотного производства биопрепаратов</p></bio><email>ivanova_os@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5026-1602</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilenko</surname><given-names>Elena D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Даниленко</surname><given-names>Елена Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biol.), director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.б.н., директор</p></bio><email>danilenko_ed@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Medical Biotechnology of the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт медицинской биотехнологии Государственного научного центра вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>99</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>661</fpage><lpage>668</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-11"><day>11</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Kaplina O.N., Gamaley S.G., Ivanova O.S., Danilenko E.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, Каплина О.Н., Гамалей С.Г., Иванова О.С., Даниленко Е.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kaplina O.N., Gamaley S.G., Ivanova O.S., Danilenko E.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каплина О.Н., Гамалей С.Г., Иванова О.С., Даниленко Е.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1316">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1316</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>The most effective way to prevent infectious diseases is vaccination. Adjuvants contribute to the optimization of the immune response of vaccines. Double-stranded ribonucleic acids (dsRNAs) from natural sources are promising, but insufficiently studied adjuvants.</p> <p>The <bold>aim</bold> of the work was to study the adjuvant activity of dsRNA obtained from the killer strain of <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> using two models of induction of a specific immune response.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods. </bold>In the experiments, the substance of the drug Ridostin containing dsRNA, 21.72% (produced by Institute of Medical Biotechnology of the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”), was used. A specific immune response was modeled using ovalbumin (OVA) or the substance of the EpiVacCorona vaccine (EVC). The experiments were carried out in 200 female BALB/c mice. Mice of the experimental groups were injected twice with antigen and adjuvant together with a 28-day interval, mice of the comparison group — with antigen only. On the 10th day after the second immunization, blood samples were collected to determine the level of specific antibodies using enzyme immunoassay. The results were evaluated by calculation of the average geometric titers of specific antibodies against OVA or EVC.</p> <p><bold>Results. </bold>OVA or EVC administered twice induced the specific antibodies in mice in dose-dependent titers. The combined administration of antigen and dsRNA increased the strength of the immune response. The highest stimulating effect of dsRNA was observed in the dose of 100 µg/mouse administered into mice immunized with OVA (1 µg/mouse) or in the dose of 50 µg/mouse in mice immunized with EVC substance (0.25 of a human dose per mouse).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion. </bold>The data obtained indicate that the substance of dsRNA exerts adjuvant properties, which gives reason to consider dsRNA as a promising adjuvant for peptide vaccines.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Наиболее эффективным способом предотвращения инфекционных заболеваний является вакцинопрофилактика. Оптимизировать уровень иммунного ответа вакцин призваны адъюванты. Одними из перспективных, но недостаточно изученных адъювантов являются двуспиральные рибонуклеиновые кислоты (дсРНК) из природных источников.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> исследования — изучение адъювантной активности дсРНК, полученной из киллерного штамма дрожжей <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae, </italic>с использованием двух моделей индукции специфического иммунного ответа.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>В экспериментах использовали субстанцию препарата ридостин с содержанием дсРНК 21,72% (производство ИМБТ ГНЦ ВБ «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора). Специфическую иммунную реакцию моделировали с помощью овальбумина (ОВА) или субстанции вакцины «ЭпиВакКорона» (ЭВК). Эксперименты проведены на 200 самках мышей линии BALB/c. Мышам опытных групп вводили двукратно с интервалом 28 дней антиген (ОВА или ЭВК) и адъювант, мышам группы сравнения — только антиген. На 10-е сутки после 2-й иммунизации забирали образцы крови для определения уровня специфических антител методом иммуноферментного анализа. Результаты оценивали, рассчитывая среднегеометрические титры специфических антител к ОВА или ЭВК.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Двукратное введение ОВА или ЭВК мышам приводило к появлению в крови животных специфических антител в титрах, зависящих от дозы вводимого антигена. Совместное введение антигена и дсРНК вызывало увеличение интенсивности иммунного ответа. Наиболее высокий стимулирующий эффект дсРНК наблюдался в дозе 100 мкг/мышь при введении мышам, иммунизированным ОВА (1 мкг/мышь), и в дозе 50 мкг/мышь — при иммунизации субстанцией ЭВК (0,25 человеческой дозы).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные данные свидетельствуют о наличии у субстанции дсРНК адъювантных свойств, что даёт основание рассматривать дсРНК в качестве перспективного адъюванта для пептидных вакцин.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>double-stranded RNA</kwd><kwd>dsRNA</kwd><kwd>adjuvant</kwd><kwd>ovalbumin</kwd><kwd>EpiVacCorona vaccine</kwd><kwd>mice</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двуспиральные РНК</kwd><kwd>дсРНК</kwd><kwd>адъювант</kwd><kwd>овальбумин</kwd><kwd>субстанция вакцины ЭпиВакКорона</kwd><kwd>мыши</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>ГЗ-1/22</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Rizza P., Capone I., Moretti F., Proietti E., Belardelli F. 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