Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyJournal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiologyЖурнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии0372-93112686-7613Central Research Institute for Epidemiology122110.36233/0372-9311-230REVIEWSОБЗОРЫThe role of cyanotoxins in human and animal pathology (а review)Роль цианотоксинов в патологии человека и животных (обзор)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9490-2392PolyakYu. M.ПолякЮ. М.
Russian Federation

Yulia M. Polyak — Cand. Sci. (Tech.), senior researcher

St. Petersburg

Поляк Юлия Марковна — к.т.н., с.н.с. 

yuliapolyak@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2490-1503PolyakM. S.ПолякМ. С.
Russian Federation

Mark S. Polyak — D. Sci. (Med.), Professor

St. Petersburg

Поляк Марк Соломонович — д.м.н., профессор, научный директор 

Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of SciencesСанкт-Петербургский научно-исследовательский центр экологической безопасности РАН — обособленное структурное подразделение Санкт-Петербургского федерального исследовательского центра РАНScientific Research Centre of PharmacotherapyНаучно-исследовательский центр фармакотерапии150520229922312431205202212052022Copyright ©; 2022, Polyak Y.M., Polyak M.S.Copyright ©; 2022, Поляк Ю.М., Поляк М.С.2022Polyak Y.M., Polyak M.S.Поляк Ю.М., Поляк М.С.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1221

Cyanobacteria are the oldest and most widespread form of life on Earth. Many of them produce toxins that are dangerous to humans and animals. The review presents data on the distribution of toxin-producing cyanobacteria, the pathogenesis of the action of toxins on human and animal cells and tissues. A significant consideration is given to the neurotoxic effect of cyanotoxins, which is most common cause of animal death. Cyanotoxins can cause severe damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as the liver, kidneys, reproductive system and digestive tract. Data on hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, cardiotoxic, immunotoxic effects of cyanotoxins are presented. Their role in the human brain degenerative diseases is considered. The possible influence of cyanotoxins on carcinogenesis, especially in the liver, large intestine and rectum, is evaluated. The limitations of the existing data on the pathogenicity of cyanobacteria and medical care necessary for cyanotoxin-induced diseases are noted. The necessity for further studies of clinical manifestations of pathological processes caused by cyanotoxins, the development of diagnostic methods and specific therapy of poisoning is discussed.

Цианобактерии (ЦБ) являются древнейшей и широко распространённой формой жизни на Земле. Некоторые представители этих микроорганизмов образуют токсины, опасные для человека и животных. В работе приводятся данные о распространении токсинообразующих ЦБ, патогенезе действия токсинов на клетки и ткани человека, сельскохозяйственных, домашних и диких животных. Уделено серьёзное внимание нейротоксическому действию цианотоксинов (ЦТ), наиболее часто являющихся причиной гибели животных. ЦТ способны вызывать тяжёлые поражения центральной и периферической нервной системы, печени, почек, репродуктивной системы и пищеварительного тракта. Приводятся данные о гепатотоксическом, нефротоксическом, кардиотоксическом, иммунотоксическом действии ЦТ. Рассматривается их роль в возникновении тяжёлых дегенеративных процессов в мозге человека. Оценивается возможность влияния ЦТ на канцерогенез, особенно в печени, толстом кишечнике и прямой кишке. Отмечена ограниченность существующих данных о болезнетворности ЦБ и той помощи, которая необходима при вызванных ими поражениях. Обсуждается необходимость дальнейших исследований клинических проявлений патологических процессов, вызванных ЦТ, разработки методов диагностики и специфической терапии отравлений.

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