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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Журнал микробиологии, эпидемиологии и иммунобиологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0372-9311</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2686-7613</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Central Research Institute for Epidemiology</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1068</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36233/0372-9311-101</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCHES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Formation <italic>in vitro</italic> of colistin resistance in carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and its biological cost</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Формирование <italic>in vitro</italic> устойчивости к колистину у карбапенеморезистентных грамотрицательных бактерий и её биологическая стоимость</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9484-7848</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tapalski</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тапальский</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitry V. Tapalski — D. Sci. (Med.); Head; Department of microbiology; virology and immunology.</p><p>Gomel</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тапальский Дмитрий Викторович — доктор медицинских наук; доцент; зав. каф. микробиологии; вирусологии и иммунологии.</p><p>Гомель</p></bio><email>tapalskiy@gsmu.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6580-3603</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrovskaya</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петровская</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana A. Petrovskaya — assistant; Department of microbiology; virology and immunology.</p><p>Gomel</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петровская Татьяна Александровна — ассистент каф. микробиологии; вирусологии и иммунологии.</p><p>Гомель</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-250X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kozlov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Козлов</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="BY">Belarus</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandr E. Kozlov — researcher; Research Laboratory; Gomel State Medical University; researcher; Laboratory of biochemistry and endocrinology; Institute of Radiobiology NAS of Belarus.</p><p>Gomel</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Козлов Александр Евгеньевич — научный сотрудник Научно-исследовательской лаборатории Гомельского государственного медицинского университета; научный сотрудник лаб. эндокринологии и биохимии Института радиобиологии НАН Беларуси.</p><p>Гомель</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Gomel State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Гомельский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Radiobiology, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт радиобиологии, Национальная академия наук Беларуси</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-09-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>426</fpage><lpage>433</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-08-04"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-08-04"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Tapalski D.V., Petrovskaya T.A., Kozlov A.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Тапальский Д.В., Петровская Т.А., Козлов А.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tapalski D.V., Petrovskaya T.A., Kozlov A.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тапальский Д.В., Петровская Т.А., Козлов А.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1068">https://microbiol.crie.ru/jour/article/view/1068</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> The spread of resistance to carbapenems among gram-negative bacteria have led to an increase in the consumption of polymyxins and the emergence of certain strains resistant to them. Polymyxin resistance is mainly associated with mutations in chromosomal genes. The development of mutational resistance to antibiotics can lead to a decrease in the viability of bacteria; which is manifested by an increase in the duration of the cell cycle; a decrease in virulence and competitive fitness.</p> <p><bold>The purpose</bold> of the study was to assess in vitro the intensity of the formation of colistin resistance in carbapenemresistant clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria; the stability of the formed emerged resistance and its biological cost.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. For 46 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae; 77 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 42 strains of Acinetobacter baumannii; real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the genes of carbapenemases; the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of meropenem and colistin were determined by broth microdilution method. The selection of resistant subpopulations on Muller–Hinton agar with the addition of 16 mg/l colistin was carried out. For colistin-resistant mutants and their isogenic sensitive strains; the kinetic parameters of growth in broth culture were determined. Incubation and result recording were performed on an Infinite M200 microplate reader for 18.5 hours at 35°C with measurement of light scatter in the wells every 15 minutes.</p> <p><bold>Results.</bold> The production of carbapenemases MBL VIM in P. aeruginosa; MBL NDM; KPC and OXA-48 in K. pneumoniae; OXA-23 and OXA-40 in A. baumannii was observed. All strains were sensitive to colistin (MIC varied from 0.062 to 2 mg/l). The colony growth on a selective medium with16 mg/l colistin was observed for 97.8% of K. pneumoniae strains; 16.9% of P. aeruginosa strains; and 61.9% of A. baumannii strains. The mutational nature of colistin resistance was confirmed for 21.7% of K. pneumoniae strains. For colistin-resistant mutants of K. pneumoniae; a significant increase in the duration of the lag phase (Tlag) was observed: 225.6 ± 7.037 min in the wild-type susceptible strains and 245.5 ± 8.726 in resistant mutants; p = 0.037. The indicators of the doubling time of the number of microbial cells in the exponential growth phase (Tdoubling) and the area under the bacterial growth curve did not differ significantly.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> A high frequency of formation of colistin resistance in vitro in carbapenemase-producing strains of K. pneumoniae was observed. The absence of significant changes in the kinetics of microbial growth in resistant strains makes it possible to predict the further spread of mutational resistance to colistin; as well as its preservation in microbial populations of K. pneumoniae even in the case of limiting the use of this antibiotic.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Распространение устойчивости к карбапенемам среди грамотрицательных бактерий привело к росту потребления полимиксинов и появлению отдельных устойчивых к ним штаммов. Устойчивость к полимиксинам связана главным образом с мутациями в хромосомных генах. Развитие мутационной устойчивости к антибиотикам может приводить к снижению жизнеспособности бактерий, что проявляется увеличением продолжительности клеточного цикла, снижением вирулентности и конкурентоспособности.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — оценить in vitro интенсивность формирования устойчивости к колистину у карбапенеморезистентных клинических изолятов грамотрицательных бактерий, стабильность сформированной резистентности и её биологическую стоимость.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Для 46 штаммов Klebsiella pneumoniae, 77 штаммов Pseudomonas aeruginosa и 42 штаммов Acinetobacter baumannii методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени выполнена детекция генов карбапенемаз, методом микроразведений в бульоне определены минимальные подавляющие концентрации меропенема и колистина. Выполнена селекция устойчивых субпопуляций на агаре Мюллер–Хинтон с добавлением 16 мг/л колистина. Для колистинорезистентных мутантов и изогенных чувствительных штаммов определены кинетические параметры роста в бульонной культуре. Инкубация и учёт результатов выполнены на микропланшетном ридере «Infinite M200» в течение 18,5 ч при 35°С с измерением светорассеяния в лунках каждые 15 мин.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Выявлена продукция карбапенемаз МБЛ VIM у штаммов P. aeruginosa, МБЛ NDM, KPC и OXA-48 — у K. pneumoniae, OXA-23 и OXA-40 — у A. baumannii. Все штаммы были чувствительны к колистину (минимальная подавляющая концентрация 0,062–2 мг/л). Рост колоний на селективной среде, содержащей 16 мг/л колистина, отмечен для 97,8% штаммов K. pneumoniae, 16,9% штаммов P. Aeruginosa и 61,9% штаммов A. baumannii. Мутационная природа устойчивости к колистину подтверждена для 21,7% штаммов K. pneumoniae. Для колистинорезистентных мутантов K. pneumoniae отмечено значимое увеличение продолжительности лаг-периода (Tlag): 225,6 ± 7,037 мин у исходных чувствительных штаммов и 245,5 ± 8,726 у резистентных мутантов; p = 0,037. Показатели времени удвоения количества микробных клеток в экспоненциальной фазе роста (Tdoubling) и площади под кривой бактериального роста не имели значимых отличий.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Выявлена высокая частота формирования in vitro устойчивости к колистину у карбапенемазопродуцирующих штаммов K. pneumoniae. Отсутствие значительных изменений кинетики микробного роста у резистентных штаммов позволяет прогнозировать дальнейшее распространение мутационной резистентности к колистину, а также её сохранение в микробных популяциях K. pneumoniae даже в случае ограничения использования этого антибиотика.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</kwd><kwd>Acinetobacter baumannii</kwd><kwd>colistin</kwd><kwd>carbapenems</kwd><kwd>carbapenemases</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>resistance</kwd><kwd>biological cost</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Klebsiella pneumoniae</kwd><kwd>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</kwd><kwd>Acinetobacter baumannii</kwd><kwd>колистин</kwd><kwd>карбапенемы</kwd><kwd>карбапенемазы</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>резистентность</kwd><kwd>биологическая стоимость</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment on the subject of research work No. SR 20200311 «Study of biological and molecular genetic mechanisms of formation of resistance to polymyxins in extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and justification of combined antibiotic therapy of caused infections».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания по теме НИР № ГР 20200311 «Изучение биологических и молекулярно-генетических механизмов формирования устойчивости к полимиксинам у экстремально-антибиотикорезистентных грамотрицательных бактерий и обоснование комбинированной антибиотикотерапии вызываемых ими инфекций»</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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